A multiple-proxy stalagmite record reveals historical deforestation in central Shandong, northern China
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multiple-proxy stalagmite record reveals historical deforestation in central Shandong, northern China 1,2,3,4*
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Liangcheng TAN , Wen LIU , Tianli WANG , Peng CHENG , Jingjie ZANG , 1 1 8 1,2 9,10 Xiqian WANG , Le MA , Dong LI , Jianghu LAN , R. Lawrence EDWARDS , 3,1,9 11 1 12 3 Hai CHENG , Hai XU , Li AI , Yongli GAO & Yanjun CAI 1
State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China; 2 Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China; 3 Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; 4 Open Studio for Oceanic-Continental Climate and Environment Changes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 5
Qingdao 266061, China; 801 Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources,
Jinan 250014, China; Shandong Provincial Geo-mineral Engineering Exploration Institute, Jinan 250014, China; Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environmental Protection and Remediation on Groundwater, Jinan 250014, China; 8 Library of Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China; 9 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA; 10 School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China; 11 Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; 12 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio TX 78249, USA 6
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Received November 15, 2019; revised May 1, 2020; accepted June 23, 2020; published online August 13, 2020
Abstract Evaluating anthropogenic impacts on regional vegetation changes during historical time is not only important for a better understanding of the Anthropocene but also valuable in improving the vegetation-climate models. In this study, we 18 13 analyzed stable isotopes (δ O, δ C) and trace elements (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca) of a stalagmite from Huangchao Cave in central 230 14 Shandong, northern China. Th and AMS C dating results indicate the stalagmite deposited during 174BC and AD1810, with a 18 hiatus between AD638 and 1102. Broad similarities of the δ O and trace elements in the stalagmite suggest they are reliable 13 precipitation indexes. The δ C of the stalagmite, a proxy of vegetation change, was generally consistent with local precipitation and temperature variations on a centennial-scale before the 15th century. It typically varied from –9.6‰ to –6.3‰, indicating 13 climate controlled C3 type vegetation during this period. However, a persistent and marked increasing trend in the δ C record 13 was observed since the 15th century, resulting in δ C values from –7.7‰ to –1.6‰ in the next four centuries. This un13 precedented δ C change caused by vegetation deterioration cannot be explained by climate change but is fairly consistent with the dramatically increasing population and farmland in Shandong. We suggest that the increasing defor
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