A nontargeted approach to determine the authenticity of Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials and dried leaf extracts by liqu
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RESEARCH PAPER
A nontargeted approach to determine the authenticity of Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials and dried leaf extracts by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and chemometrics Meryl B. Cruz 1,2 & Benjamin J. Place 1 & Laura J. Wood 1 & Aaron Urbas 1 & Andrzej Wasik 2 & Werickson Fortunato de Carvalho Rocha 3 Received: 4 May 2020 / Revised: 15 July 2020 / Accepted: 17 July 2020 # This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply 2020
Abstract The lack of stringent regulations regarding raw materials for herbal supplements used for medicinal purposes has been a constant challenge in the industry. Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts attract consumers because of the supposed positive effect on mental performance and memory. Supplements are produced using dried leaf materials and standardized leaf extracts such as EGb 761. Adulteration of Ginkgo biloba L. plants and extracts are becoming more and more common practice due to economically driven motivation from increasing demand in the market and the high cost of raw materials and production. Reinforcement in quality control (QC) to avoid adulterations is necessary to ensure the efficacy of the supplements. In this study, liquid chromatographyhigh-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was used with principal component analysis (PCA) as an unsupervised exploratory method to analyze, identify, and evaluate the adulterated Ginkgo biloba L. plant materials and dried leaf extracts using the PCA scores and loadings obtained and compound identification. Keywords Nontargeted analysis . Ginkgo biloba L. . Adulteration . LC-HRMS . PCA
Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials may be identified in this report to adequately specify the experimental procedure. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. To obtain up-to-date official values for NIST reference materials, consult the NIST Standard Reference Material web site at https://www.nist.gov/ srm. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02830-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Benjamin J. Place [email protected] 1
Chemical Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
2
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
3
National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Xerém, Duque de Caxias, RJ 25250-020, Brazil
Cruz M.B. et al.
Introduction Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaecae) or the Maidenhair tree is the sole living specie of the Ginkgophyta division and is considered a living fossil dating back to 180 million years based on the foss
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