A novel green and one-step electrochemical method for production of sulfur-doped graphene powders and their performance
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A novel green and one-step electrochemical method for production of sulfur-doped graphene powders and their performance as an anode in Li-ion battery Hürmüs Gürsu 1 & Yağmur Güner 2 & Kamil Burak Dermenci 3 & Metin Gençten 4 & Umut Savaci 3 & Servet Turan 3 & Yücel Şahin 1 Received: 28 January 2020 / Accepted: 20 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Graphene-based negative electrodes in lithium-ion batteries have recently been the focus of interest. In this study, sulfur (S)– doped graphene powders in different functionality have been prepared in one step by using Yucel’s method for the first time in the literature and they have been used as anode materials of Li-ion batteries. By changing the scanned potential during the preparation of S-doped graphene powders, the graphenic surface is covalently doped by –C-S-C- and –C-SOx-C- (x:2, 3) groups at different amount. When the potential has been scanned in wider potential range (− 1.0 and 2.5 V), 48 sp2-hybridized carbon rings have been determined on the powders by using Raman analysis. It is the lowest as 16 for graphenic powder prepared at narrower potential range (1.5 and 2.5 V) and chronoamperometric method. S-doped graphene powders have been investigated by microscopic methods. Electrochemical properties of the prepared S-doped graphene powders and their potential use in Li-ion batteries have been assessed. At a 50-mA/g current density, the 915-mAh/g specific capacity has been determined as the highest discharge capacity in the powder which was prepared by the chronoamperometric method. Specific capacities of 710 mAh/g, 594 mAh/g, and 642 mAh/g have been observed in the powders prepared between − 1.0–(+ 2.5 V), 0.6–(+ 2.5 V), and 1.5–(+ 2.5 V) samples, respectively. Keywords Li-ion battery . Anode material . Cyclic charge-discharge . Sulfur-doped graphene powder . Graphene
Introduction The increased use of fossil fuel sources, air pollution, and chemical wastes have caused dramatic consequences such as climate change in the world. In addition, the decrease in these resources revealed the demand for new, clean, and low-cost energy sources. Therefore, energy storage has become the
* Yücel Şahin [email protected] 1
Faculty of Art and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Istanbul, Turkey
2
Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Pamukkale University, 20160 Denizli, Turkey
3
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
4
Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34210 Istanbul, Turkey
focus of attention and there have been remarkable developments in the last century, particularly in supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries such as lead-acid batteries, redox flow batteries, and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [1–6]. In LIBs, especially the search for the appropriate negative electrode material continues in
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