A novel multi-stage watermarking scheme of vector maps
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A novel multi-stage watermarking scheme of vector maps Yinguo Qiu 1
& Hongtao Duan
1
Received: 1 April 2020 / Revised: 23 July 2020 / Accepted: 28 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Vector maps are distributed frequently among various departments and subscribers, and traditional single-stage watermarking technology cannot provide powerful multi-copyright protection of them. In this paper, a novel multi-stage watermarking algorithm is proposed for vector maps, aiming at robustness enhancement and maximum-supported watermark capacity improvement. A watermark generation method is designed based on QR code to shorten watermark length, and watermarks are embedded into polar coordinates of map vertices so as to improve the robustness of the proposed scheme. Another method of copyright information combination is raised to keep watermark length invariant along with the increasing of the total stages of watermark data, and the maximum-supported stages of watermarks can be thus improved without affecting the robustness of watermarking algorithm. Moreover, each stage of copyright information occupies a specified space within the final watermark data, and noninterference among various watermarks can be guaranteed and different copyright data can be efficiently distinguished after watermark extraction. Compared with the existing researches, the proposed scheme can increase effectively the size of maximum-supported watermark capacity, and it has strong robustness under common geometric and non-geometric attacks, which have been validated by both theoretical analysis and comprehensive experiments. Keywords Vector map . Multi-stage watermarking . Data distribution . Multi-copyright protection
1 Introduction With the rapid development of Geographic Information System (GIS), vector maps have been applied in all professions and trades of the national economic construction [16]. As a kind of
* Yinguo Qiu [email protected]
1
Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
Multimedia Tools and Applications
digital products, vector maps are easily to copy, tamper and transmit, which may cause serious impacts on information sharing, copyright protection and even national security [24]. In recent years, digital watermarking technology has been considered as the most promising method for copyright protection of vector maps [31]. Conventional digital watermarking schemes of vector maps are mainly single-stage ones, embedding copyright watermarks into cover data by “one-time” manner and extracting them when copyright declaration is required. Singlestage watermarking technology has been widely applied for copyright protection of vector maps, and good effects have been obtained [17, 22, 29]. Nevertheless, in some special applications, e.g., multi-user distribution, transmission process tracking, etc., it is urgently needed to embed various watermarks into original data level by lev
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