Combinational spatial and frequency domains watermarking for 2D vector maps
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Combinational spatial and frequency domains watermarking for 2D vector maps Liming Zhang 1,2
& Haowen Yan
1,2
& Rui Zhu
1,2
& Ping Du
1,2
Received: 8 October 2019 / Revised: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
Watermarking plays an import role in digital copyright protection. It enables copyright owners to embed invisible watermarks within copies of data before distribution. However, most existing watermarking algorithms for 2D vector maps use either spatial domain methods, e.g., the Least Significant Bit or frequency domain methods, e.g., discrete Fourier transform (DFT), and very few algorithms combine the two domains. In order to improve the robustness of watermarks to against more common attacks, a novel algorithm using a combination of spatial and frequency domains is presented. Both the spatial domain and the frequency domain can be used for watermark embedding. Obviously, the advantages of each method are retained and the disadvantages of each method are offset by complementation. The watermark was also shuffled before embedding. A one-way hash function was used to map the watermark and 2D vector map. By using two different methods, one part of the watermark was embedded into the spatial domain first and another part of the watermark was embedded into the DFT domain. Additionally, the watermark was embedded multiple times. No original map data are required for the watermark extraction procedure. Analysis shows that the distortions of the watermarked data are extremely small, and the algorithm is more robust than methods using a single domain. It can resist the most common attacks, such as vertex insertion and removal, cropping, compression, reordering, and data format conversion attacks. It is also robust against rotation scaling and translation attacks. Keywords Vector map . Multiple watermarking . Watermarking algorithm . DFT
* Liming Zhang [email protected]
1
Faculty of Geomatics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2
National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technologies and Applications for National Geographic State Monitoring, Lanzhou 730070, China
Multimedia Tools and Applications
1 Introduction Two-dimensional (2D) vector maps play an essential role in urban management, transportation, tourism, environmental protection, national security, and other fields [17]. Two-dimensional vector maps are highly valuable [12] because the acquisition of the map data requires high precision instruments such as distance meters and surveying equipment as well as a great deal of physical labor [20]. Thus, the copyright of the maps should be protected. Nevertheless, vector maps are usually saved in digital form which can be easily copied in violation of copyright law. A feasible way to protect map data is digital watermarking technology which hides marks (i.e., watermarks) in host data [13, 25].Two categories of watermarking techniques for 2D vector map data have been studied: the spatial domain
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