A perspective of citrus Huanglongbing in the context of the Mediterranean Basin
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REVIEW
A perspective of citrus Huanglongbing in the context of the Mediterranean Basin Nian Wang 1 Received: 30 October 2019 / Accepted: 2 April 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Huanglongbing (HLB) is one of the most catastrophic citrus diseases. HLB pathogens Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), Ca. L. africanus (Laf), and Ca. L. americanus (Lam) and their insect vectors Asian citrus psyllids (ACP, Diaphorina citri) and African citrus psyllids (AfCP, Trioza erytreae) are invading citrus producing regions where HLB was absent previously, including the Mediterranean basin. Importantly, the Mediterranean region is one of the two major citrus producing areas without HLB. Here, I provide a short perspective regarding a) information related to the distribution of the HLB pathogens and psyllid vectors in this region and neighboring countries, b) predicted distribution of the HLB for this region, c) the possible evolution of Liberibacters and how they could have established their relationship with different hosts, and d) approaches to fend off HLB. Specifically, I emphasized the following measurements: quarantine measures against AfCP, ACP, Las, Laf, and Lam, early detection and diagnosis of HLB and removal of inoculum, surveillance of AfCP and ACP and eradication of citrus psyllids once identified. Keywords Citrus . HLB . Huanglongbing . Liberibacter . Phloem . Psyllids
Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is the most devastating disease in many citrus producing areas worldwide. HLB is caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), Ca. L. africanus (Laf), and Ca. L. americanus (Lam) that are yet to be cultured (Merfa et al. 2019). Among them, Las is the most widely distributed and has been reported in Asia, North America, South America, and Africa, Laf is only present in Africa, and Lam, originally identified in Brazil, is diminishing and being taken over by Las. Las and Lam are naturally transmitted by Asian citrus psyllids (ACP, Diaphorina citri) and Laf by African citrus psyllids (AfCP, Trioza erytreae). The HLB pathogens and insect vectors have been spreading to new territories including Brazil (ColettaFilho et al. 2004; Texeira et al. 2005), multiple states of the United States (Kumagai et al. 2013); Belize (Manjunath et al. 2010); countries in the Caribbean including Cuba (Martinez et al. 2009) and the Dominican Republic (Matos et al. 2009);
Bhutan (Doe et al. 2003); and Ethiopia (Saponari et al. 2010). Currently, the Mediterranean Basin and Australia are the two major citrus producing regions that are free of HLB. Despite the challenges to study the Liberibacters, a lot of exciting progress has been made in understanding the citrus HLB pathosystem that have been reviewed extensively (Bové 2006; Gottwald 2010; Wang and Trivedi 2013; Wang et al. 2017; Bendix and Lewis 2018; Blaustein et al. 2018; Coyle et al. 2018; Munir et al. 2018; Zheng et al. 2018; Kruse et al. 2019). Here, I will therefore focus on some areas that have not been reviewed intensively in the past and tailor it t
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