Reciprocal effects of huanglongbing infection and nutritional status of citrus trees: a review
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REVIEW
Reciprocal effects of huanglongbing infection and nutritional status of citrus trees: a review Dirceu Mattos-Jr 1 & Davie M. Kadyampakeni 2 & Jefferson Rangel da Silva 1 & Tripti Vashisth 2 & Rodrigo Marcelli Boaretto 1 Received: 11 December 2019 / Accepted: 29 July 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Fitopatologia 2020
Abstract In the past 15 years, the global citrus industry has experienced significant losses in the fruit production, largely due to the huanglongbing (HLB). This bacterial disease impairs water and nutrient uptake by roots causing nutritional disorders and, reciprocally, metabolic imbalances associated to oxidative stress and carbohydrate distribution in trees. The sustainability of optimum yield and fruit quality of citrus are achieved by growing canopy and rootstock varieties with superior horticultural characteristics in well-established orchards, which relies on efficient irrigation and/or fertilization, as well crop protection. Then, attention to enhanced nutrient supply increased significantly in commercial groves. In order to better understand the pathological processes, this review discusses recent scientific advances and major findings in most citrus-producing regions of the world, critically analyzing nutrient management practices as a component of an intricate strategy to maintain tree health, fruit yield, and quality. Moreover, we consider the role of balanced and constant nutrition of citrus trees to sustain citrus production under endemic HLB or non-HLB conditions. Keywords Mineral nutrients . Nutrient management . Fertilizer use . Citrus greening . Candidatus Liberibacter . Sustainability
Introduction The citrus industry contributes with most fruits produced in the world (FAOSTAT 2016). Such outstanding rank is achieved with optimum yield and fruit quality in commercial citrus groves established with canopy and rootstock varieties with superior horticultural characteristics, managed with efficient irrigation and/or fertilization, as well crop protection. Nonetheless, citrus orchards worldwide have been mostly affected by huanglongbing (HLB), a disease caused Candidatus Liberibacter spp. that affects fruit yield and ultimately leads to tree losses (da Graça 1991; Bové 2006; Baldwin et al. 2010, 2018; Bassanezi et al. 2011; Dala Paula et al. 2019), challenging growers to adopt advanced practices
* Dirceu Mattos-Jr [email protected] 1
Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, SP 13490-970, Brazil
2
Citrus Research & Education Center, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
to manage tree health (Belasque Jr et al. 2010; Gottwald 2010). However, the increase in the use of agricultural inputs threatens the sustainability of the industry (Irey et al. 2008; Gottwald and Graham 2014; Fundecitrus 2017; Singerman 2019). Presently, no resistant citrus cultivars have been identified (Halbert and Manjunath 2004; Gottwald 2010; Stover and McCollum 2011; Albrecht and Bowman 2012). The quick spread of HLB, t
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