A rapid method to assess the formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in plants for the remediation of formaldehyde
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
A rapid method to assess the formaldehyde dehydrogenase activity in plants for the remediation of formaldehyde Xiaohong He 1 & Depeng Li 1 & Ayxa Ablikim 1 & Yuxia Yang 1 & Yuhong Su 2 Received: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 11 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FADH) activity in plants is essential to the removal of airborne formaldehyde (FA) by plants. A rapid and efficient method was established to assess the FADH activity in plants by analyzing the efficiencies of the extracts of fresh and enzyme-inactivated leaves to degrade FA, with the enzyme-inactivated leaves prepared by freezing with liquid nitrogen. The efficiencies of airborne FA dissipated by different plants were evaluated through the FA fumigation experiments using four selected plants, with the results analyzed against the calculated leaf FADH activities. Fresh and enzyme-inactivated leaf extracts degraded FA to different extents. The degradative efficiencies of leaf extracts were positively related to the initial FA test levels at 6–18 mg l−1. The relative plant-leaf FADH activities formed the order of Chenopodium album L. > Atenia cordifolia > Plantain > Aloe, which was in line with the observed FA dissipating efficiencies of the plants exposed to 0.72 mg m−3 airborne FA for 24 h. Other dominant degrading mechanisms in plant leaves resulted in higher dissipating efficiencies of Plantain over that of Atenia cordifolia when exposed to 1.56 mg m−3 FA for 24 h. The established method could be applied to estimate the FADH activity in plants for assessment of the plant remediation efficiency of FA in air at lower concentrations. Keywords Formaldehyde degradation . Formaldehyde dehydrogenase . Phytoremediation . Indoor air pollution . Enzyme-inactivated leaves
Introduction Air quality is recognized as a major environmental factor affecting the human health. According to recent reports, the number of deaths caused by air pollution in the world is about 8.8 million per year (Maglione et al. 2019; Sarkar et al. 2019). Formaldehyde (FA) is a volatile toxic organic chemical with a high water solubility, which facilitates FA transport from air or water to human skins, mucous membranes, and respiratory tracts, causing acute poisoning and carcinogenic effects in a long-term exposure (Adaji et al. 2019). According to the survey, the indoor air FA level is in the range of 2–16 times the outdoor level (Dai et al. 2019; Liu et al. 2017). The number of children killed per year by Responsible Editor: Gangrong Shi * Yuhong Su [email protected] 1
College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
2
College of Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
the indoor FA pollution is about 2.1 million (Cho et al. 2016; Singh and Dixit 2019). Therefore, the indoor air pollution has become a “stealth killer” to the human health (Cavalcante et al. 2005; Salthammer et al. 2010). Curre
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