A review of black walnut ( Juglans nigra L.) ecology and management in Europe
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REVIEW
A review of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) ecology and management in Europe Valeriu‑Norocel Nicolescu1 · Károly Rédei2 · Torsten Vor3 · Jean‑Charles Bastien4 · Robert Brus5 · Tibor Benčať6 · Martina Đodan7 · Branislav Cvjetkovic8 · Siniša Andrašev9 · Nicola La Porta10 · Vasyl Lavnyy11 · Krasimira Petkova12 · Sanja Perić7 · Debbie Bartlett13 · Cornelia Hernea14 · Michal Pástor15 · Milan Mataruga8 · Vilém Podrázský16 · Victor Sfeclă17 · Igor Štefančik15 Received: 4 March 2020 / Accepted: 12 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) is a light-demanding, competition-intolerant, and tall forest tree species, introduced in Europe from North America at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It has an important economic role in Europe for producing wood and fruits, in agroforestry systems, as an ornamental tree for parks and avenues, for rehabilitation/restoration of degraded lands. The best sites for black walnut growth have warm and mild climates, with frequent and well-spread precipitation, and rich, deep, near neutral, well-drained and moist soils. Black walnut is a fast grower in youth and its height and diameter growth reach their peaks before age 30–35 years. It is globally the best known allelopathic species due to the juglone substance present in all parts of black walnut trees. The species is storm-resistant and not affected by any major pest or disease in Europe. It is regenerated by planting or direct seeding on bare land, in monocultures and mixed stands. The management of stands with black walnut, with a rotation period generally up to 80 years, include weeding (mandatory), cleaning-respacing (in dense stands), thinning (mostly from above), high and formative pruning (mandatory), with the aim of producing valuable wood for sliced veneer, solid furniture, flooring/parquet, cabinetry, panelling, sculpture, musical instruments, gunstocks. Keywords Black walnut juglans nigra L. · Ecology · Growth and yield · Management
Introduction Black walnut, considered as”the most respected of North America’s fine hardwoods” and recognized worldwide as the “aristocrat of the fine hardwoods” (American Walnut Manufacturers Association 1998), is found throughout the central and eastern parts of the United States and in southern Ontario, Canada (Rink 1985). However, the area of greatest commercial importance for the species is limited to the central part of its range, particularly the States of Missouri, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee (Landt and Phares 1973).
Communicated by DesRochers. * Valeriu‑Norocel Nicolescu [email protected]
In the native range, black walnut typically grows in many of the mixed mesophytic forests but is seldom abundant. Usually it is found as scattered individual trees or in small groups among other tree species; pure black walnut stands are rare, small, and usually occur as groves at the edge of hardwood forests. The chief associated species include yellow-poplar (L
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