A Review of Composite/Hybrid Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reactions: Advanced Materials, M
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REVIEW ARTICLE
A Review of Composite/Hybrid Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts for Nitrogen Reduction Reactions: Advanced Materials, Mechanisms, Challenges and Perspectives Revanasiddappa Manjunatha1,4 · Aleksandar Karajić2,3 · Minmin Liu1 · Zibo Zhai1 · Li Dong1,4 · Wei Yan1 · David P. Wilkinson5 · Jiujun Zhang1 Received: 3 December 2019 / Revised: 15 January 2020 / Accepted: 22 April 2020 © Shanghai University and Periodicals Agency of Shanghai University 2020
Abstract The electrochemical reduction of nitrogen to produce ammonia using sustainable and “green” materials and electricity has proven to be not only feasible, but promising. However, low catalytic activity and stability as well as poor product selectiv‑ ity have hindered practical application. To address this, this review will provide a comprehensive presentation of the latest progress in the experimental investigation and fundamental understanding of nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) for the production of ammonia as catalyzed by electrocatalysts and photocatalysts. In particular, the design, synthesis, characteri‑ zation and performance validation of these catalysts are classified and analyzed in terms of their catalytic activity, stability and selectivity toward ammonia production. Reviewed electrocatalysts include metal/carbon, metal/metal oxide and metal oxide/carbon composites, and reviewed photocatalysts include semiconductor–semiconductor, semiconductor–metal, semi‑ conductor–carbon and multicomponent heterojunctions. Furthermore, several challenges are discussed and possible research directions are proposed to facilitate further research and development to overcome the challenges in NRR toward practical application. Keywords Composites · Electrochemical · Hybrids · Nitrogen reduction · Photochemical
1 Introduction
* Wei Yan [email protected] * Jiujun Zhang [email protected] 1
Institute for Sustainable Energy, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
2
Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), CNRS UMR 5031, Univ. Bordeaux, 115 Avenue du Docteur Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
3
University of Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 Avenue Pey‑Berland, 33600 Pessac, France
4
Zhaoqing Leoch Battery Technology Co. Ltd., Zhaoqing 518000, Guangdong, China
5
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
As a major chemical commodity, almost 200 million tons of ammonia (NH3) are produced globally each year for industrial and agricultural applications [1]. Of these, more than 80% is used to produce artificial fertilizers (i.e., urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and ammonium bicarbonate) [1] for agricultural use, and the rest is distrib‑ uted among various application ranging from dye industry, pharmaceuticals and explosives [2, 3]. Furthermore, N H3 is a promising substitute for hydrogen in energy conversion technologies such as fuel cells [4, 5]. Although hydrogen fuel cells are promising candidates capable of transfor
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