A Review of Empirical Studies Investigating Narrative, Emotion and Meaning-Making Modes and Client Process Markers in Ps
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A Review of Empirical Studies Investigating Narrative, Emotion and Meaning‑Making Modes and Client Process Markers in Psychotherapy Ana Aleixo1,3 · António Pazo Pires1 · Lynne Angus2 · David Neto1 · Alexandre Vaz1
© The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Despite the importance of narrative, emotional and meaning-making processes in psychotherapy, there has been no review of studies using the main instruments developed to address these processes. The objective is to review the studies about client narrative and narrative-emotional processes in psychotherapy that used the Narrative Process Coding System or the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System (1.0 and 2.0). To identify the studies, we searched The Book Collection, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycBOOKS, PEP Archive, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, Academic Search Complete and the Web of Knowledge databases. We found 27 empirical studies using one of the three coding systems. The studies applied the Narrative Process Coding System and the Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System to different therapeutic modalities and patients with various clinical disorders. In some studies, early, middle and late phases of therapy were compared, while other studies conducted intensive case analyses of Narrative Process Coding System and Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System patterns comparing recovered vs unchanged clients. The review supports the importance to look for the contribution of narrative, emotion, meaning-making patterns or narrative-emotion markers, to treatment outcomes and encourages the application of these instruments in process-outcome research in psychotherapy. Keywords Narrative Process Coding System · Narrative-Emotion Process Coding System · Review · Psychotherapy
Introduction The narrative of lived stories has been intrinsic to human beings and their relationships (Angus 2012; Gonçalves and Gonçalves 2007). The importance of personal narratives to our existence is consensual among diverse authors from philosophy, social sciences and psychology (McAdams 2008). Given its importance to human interaction, some authors were interested in narrative expression on therapist-client discourse (Gonçalves 1995; Neimeyer and Levitt 2000). * Ana Aleixo [email protected] 1
APPsyCI - Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion, ISPA - Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
2
Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
3
ISPA - Instituto Universitário de Ciências Psicológicas, Sociais e da Vida, Rua Jardim do Tabaco, 34, 1149‑041 Lisbon, Portugal
The critical assumption of the Narrative Process theory of therapy is that therapists and clients work together to form a coherent self and a meaningful client macronarrative (Angus et al. 1999). According to this theory, all forms of psychotherapy with good therapeutic results involve the articulation, elaboration and transformation of clients’ macronarratives. In the 90s, researchers published the first studies on narrative processes in psycho
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