A review of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Brazil
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VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY - REVIEW
A review of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Brazil Selwyn Arlington Headley 1 & Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira 1 & Cristina Wetzel Cunha 2 Received: 16 February 2020 / Accepted: 9 April 2020 # Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia 2020
Abstract Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), the form of MCF that occurs in Brazil, is a severe, frequently fatal, infectious disease caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), in which sheep are the asymptomatic hosts and cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals are the accidental hosts. This review provides a critical analysis of the historical, epidemiological aspects and the estimated economic impacts associated with SA-MCF in Brazil. Moreover, the clinical manifestations and pathological lesions associated with SA-MCF in cattle are reviewed and discussed and the phylogenetic distribution of OvHV-2 in Brazil is presented. OvHV-2 is the only MCF virus identified in animals from Brazil. It is recommended that a histopathologic diagnosis of SA-MCF be based on all aspects of vascular disease in the affected animal and not only lymphocytic/necrotizing vasculitis and/or fibrinoid change. Conformation of the intralesional participation of OvHV-2 in these alterations can be achieved by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization assays. Additionally, it is proposed that OvHV2 should be considered as a possible infectious disease agent associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. Furthermore, the possible role of the small intestine in the dissemination of OvHV-2 is discussed. Keywords Cattle disease . Diagnosis . Histopathology . Malignant catarrhal fever . Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 . Vascular alterations
Historical aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Brazil It is rather likely that the first occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in domestic cattle in association with sheep occurred in Europe by the end of 1700 [1]. By 1850, MCF was recognized in Africa and the relationship of the wildebeest in the transmission of MCF was already suspected [2]. However, the first experimental study with MCF was probably done in 1923 in South Africa by Mettam, where MCF is known as Responsible Editor: Fernando R. Spilki. * Selwyn Arlington Headley [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil
2
Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA 99164-6630, USA
snotziekte [3]. In this featured article, Mettam [3] described that the histopathological findings “reveals the presence of hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissues, and infiltrations of lymphocytes in the parenchyma of the organs, especially in situations closely related to blood vessels”; these are the hallmarks for the histologic diagnosis of
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