A Review of the Role of Probiotic Supplementation in Dental Caries
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A Review of the Role of Probiotic Supplementation in Dental Caries Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi 1 & Periyanaina Kesika 1 & Chaiyavat Chaiyasut 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Dental diseases are among the common health issues experienced around the world. Dental caries is one of the most predominant oral diseases worldwide. Major factors associated with caries development include poor oral hygiene, the content of specific carbohydrates in the diet, dental biofilm formation, the cariogenic microbial load, reduction in salivary flow, insufficient fluoride exposure, gingival recession, genetic factors, and lack of personal attention to one’s dental health. Several preventive measures have been implemented to reduce the risk of the development of caries. Probiotics are live microbes that when administered in suitable amounts confer health benefits on the host; they are recognized as potential adjunct therapeutic agents for several diseases. The present manuscript summarizes recent findings on the role of probiotics in dental caries prevention and the possible mechanisms of probiotic effects. Review of the literature indicates the regular consumption of probiotic products significantly reduced the risk of caries by inhibiting cariogenic bacteria and enriching commensal microbes in the oral cavity. Buffering the salivary pH, production of bacteriocin and enzymes (dextranase, mutanase, and urease), the capacity of competing for the adhesion and colonization on tooth surfaces are the possible mechanisms behind the beneficial effect of probiotics. Further studies are necessary to address the efficacy of long-term probiotic supplementation on the control of dental diseases and the influence of childhood probiotic supplementation on the risk of caries development. Keywords Probiotics . Dental caries . Microbiota . Bacteriocin . Dextranase . Dental biofilm
Introduction The oral cavity is a habitat for diverse microorganisms, which are associated with the health and disease state of the host. Bacteria are the prime colonizer of the oral cavity. The diversity of oral microbiota depends on the nature of the colonized surfaces, availability of nutrients, oral hygiene practices, and environmental factors [1]. A disturbance in the homeostatic balance of the resident microbes (healthy oral microbiota) results in the development of oral diseases, such as dental caries (tooth decay), periodontitis, gingivitis, endodontic and orthodontic infections, and peri-implantitis [2]. Dental diseases, particularly dental caries, are the most predominant human disease, which affects more people in developing countries [3]. It was estimated that about $544.41 billion was used for treating dental diseases in 2015 worldwide
* Chaiyavat Chaiyasut [email protected]
1
Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
[4], and the cost of dental treatment varies based on the treatment procedures and i
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