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T.C. BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMIMETIC MATERIALS

A review on biological and biomimetic materials and their applications N. Suresh Kumar1 · R. Padma Suvarna1 · K. Chandra Babu Naidu2   · Prasun Banerjee2 · A. Ratnamala3 · H. Manjunatha3 Received: 6 April 2020 / Accepted: 14 May 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract In the development of technology, a source of inspiration for mankind is the nature. Naturally, many biological surfaces having unique micro–nanostructures, such as lotus leaves, butterfly wings, rose petals and shark skin, exhibit skills and attribute beyond conventional engineering. These skills and characteristic properties are exploited by several scientists to produce bioinspired materials by mimicking biological materials. Scientists called these materials as biomimetic materials as they are developed by inspiration from nature. For the last few decades, an extensive research has been going on to introduce a wide variety of biomimetic materials which can exhibit advanced properties. This paper gives an overview of recently developed biomimetic materials such as Se-modified carbon nitride nanosheets, small intestinal submucosa, magnesium–strontium hydroxyapatite, dimethylglyoxime–urethane polyurethane, polydimethylsiloxane, Ag/Ag@AgCl/ZnO and PDTC(COOH)4/HA, along with their biological properties. In addition, the applications of the biomimetic and biological materials in various fields such as biomedical, oil–water separation, sensors, tissue engineering, genome technology and ultrasound imaging are also discussed. Keywords  Biomimetics · 3D scaffolds · Superhydrophobic nature · Extracellular matrix · Hydroxyapatite

1 Introduction Nature inspired the mankind for the development of technology. In the past few decades, many interesting biomaterials and structures with unforeseen properties have been surfaced. These natural structures have inspired and innovated human creations. Motivational examples fueled an interest among materials scientists toward ‘smart’ biostructures which are honeycomb structure of the beehive, strength of spider silks, butterfly wings, mollusk shells, gecko feet, lotus leaves, shark skin water repellency [1], bird flight mechanics, mussel byssus, venus’s flower basket and brittle star optics. These creatures possess skills and attribute beyond conventional engineering. These skills and characteristic * K. Chandra Babu Naidu [email protected] 1



Department of Physics, JNTUA​, Anantapuramu, A.P 515002, India

2



Department of Physics, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bangalore 562163, India

3

Department of Chemistry, GITAM Deemed to be University, Bangalore, Karnataka 562163, India



properties are exploited by scientists to produce bioinspired materials by mimicking biomaterials. Scientists called these materials as biomimetic materials as they are developed by inspiration from nature [2]. The term biomimetic is derived from the Greek word ‘bios’ meaning life and ‘mimetikos’ meaning imitative. Biomimesis is used in chemistry, and a