A review on grafted, crosslinked and composites of biopolymer Xanthan gum for phasing out synthetic dyes and toxic metal
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REVIEW PAPER
A review on grafted, crosslinked and composites of biopolymer Xanthan gum for phasing out synthetic dyes and toxic metal ions from aqueous solutions Arshpreet Kaur 1 & Damanjit Singh 1 & Dhiraj Sud 1 Received: 28 April 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 # The Polymer Society, Taipei 2020
Abstract Biopolymer Xanthan gum (XG), an exo-polysaccharide obtained from the fermentation of simple sugars by bacteria Xanthomonas campestris under aerobic conditions exhibits interesting properties like biodegradability, high viscosity at a low shear rate and stability under a wide range of temperature and pH. These characteristics properties render it accessible to utilize as a stabilizer, suspending as well as an emulsifying agent in food industries, petroleum and oil refining industries, cosmetic industries, and as an adsorbent in wastewater treatment. However, XG hydrophilicity and water solubility characteristics not only restrict its application domain but also affect its thermal stability during processing. Therefore, the efforts are directed to improve its application spectrum by modifying the physical and chemical characteristics of biopolymer, taking advantage of the presence of different amenable functional moieties in XG. The chemical modifications of XG include the formation of crosslinked polymers, grafting of monomer to base polymers manipulating the functionality by removal/addition of chemical groups. Currently, the emphasis is on the development of XG based grafted/crosslinked bionanocomposites which can be tailored as a noble adsorbent for wastewater treatment for the remotion of toxic metals, coloured synthetic dyes and other industrial effluents from the aqueous medium. The emphasis of present review article is to address the structural, physical characteristics along with the focus on the development of chemically modified XG viz. grafted, crosslinked, nanocomposites, and functionally modified biopolymer. The potential applications of these modified XG polymers for phasing out synthetic dyes and transition metals ions from aqueous systems have been deliberated. Keywords Xanthan gum . Nanocomposites . Chemical crosslinking . Adsorption . Characterization
Introduction Natural polymers, the abundantly available macromolecules in nature and are extensively explored in the field of cosmetics [1], pharmaceutical industries [2], the formation of food products [3] and wastewater treatment [4]. The superiority of
* Dhiraj Sud [email protected] Arshpreet Kaur [email protected] Damanjit Singh [email protected] 1
Department of Chemistry, Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering and Technology, Deemed to be University, Longowal - 148106, Sangrur, India
manoeuvring the natural polymers over their synthetic counter parts lies in their potential to mimic the chemistry prevalent in nature, thereby acquired the innate non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bio adhesivity [5]. Natural polymers exhibit weak mechanical properties which led to the formation of frail materials in comparison to
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