A Review on Surface Modifications and Coatings on Implants to Prevent Biofilm
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REVIEW
A Review on Surface Modifications and Coatings on Implants to Prevent Biofilm S. V. V. S. Narayana P. 1
&
S. V. V. Srihari P. 2
Received: 5 December 2018 / Revised: 10 June 2019 / Accepted: 22 June 2019 # The Regenerative Engineering Society 2019
Abstract Bacterial infections associated with biomaterials are currently regarded as the most severe and devastating complications for their use as implants and medical devices. Biofilm is the major cause of bacterial infections associated with biomaterials. This review presents the biofilm formation, associated infections, and their current prevention strategies. The loss of efficacy of conventional antibiotic therapies leads to the development of antibacterial surfaces and coatings. Multifunctional surfaces and coatings can prevent biofilm formation and can become a novel strategy to fight biofilm. In this review, attention is focused on different surface modification techniques, surface coatings, and their current manufacturing methods to produce antibacterial biomaterials using surface engineering and nanobiotechnology. Lay Summary Implants and medical devices are widely used in present day medicine in different ways. Implant infections caused by bacteria lead to serious complications and failure of implants. Bacteria attach to the surface of implants and form colonies called biofilm which is a major cause of implant-associated bacterial infections. The conventional antibiotic therapies present various limitations in biofilm treatment. Promising strategies based on material science and surface engineering are being developed to address these limitations. This review article discusses the different non-conventional methods to treat biofilms. A specific discussion involves surface modifications, surface coatings, and their interactions with biofilm-causing bacteria. Establishing standardized procedures for testing toxicity and tissue integration of these surfaces and coatings will guide the future strategies in developing infection-resistant biomaterials. Keywords Biofilm . Implants . Surface modifications . Coatings
Introduction Implants are used to support and replace or enhance a body structure. Implants are used to some extent in dentistry, orthopedics, neurosurgery, cardiovascular surgery, urology, and plastic and reconstructive surgery. The reasons for their use are varied such as to replace worn, damaged, or diseased parts of the anatomy; to improve the function of an organ; to correct a deformity;
* S. V. V. S. Narayana P. [email protected] 1
Aditya Engineering College, Surampalem 533437, India
2
Aditya College of Engineering and Technology, Surampalem 533437, India
to enhance the appearance. Metal alloys, ceramics, polymers, composites, and glasses are used as implants (Table 1).
Biofilm Formation Bacteria encased in self-secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix form a 3D bacteria community called biofilm. Biofilm growth is distant from planktonic or free-floating bacteria. Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, extracellul
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