A Rotavirus Virus-Like Particle Confined Palladium Nanoreactor and Its Immobilization on Graphene Oxide for Catalysis
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A Rotavirus Virus‑Like Particle Confined Palladium Nanoreactor and Its Immobilization on Graphene Oxide for Catalysis Jie Zhu1,2 · Xiaoxue Lu1 · Yijian Li3 · Tingdong Li3 · Linsong Yang1 · Kun Yang1 · Liang Ji1 · Mohong Lu2 · Mingshi Li2 Received: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 3 May 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this work, a new viral protein cage based nanoreactor was successfully constructed via encapsulating Tween 80 stabilized palladium nanoparticles (NPs) into rotavirus capsid VP2 virus-like particles (i.e. Pd@VP2). The effects of stabilizers including CTAB, SDS, Tween 80 and PVP on controlling the particle size of Pd NPs were investigated. They were further immobilized on graphene oxide (i.e. Pd@VP2/GO) by a simple mixing method. Some characterizations including FT-IR and XPS were conducted to study adsorption mode of Pd@VP2 on GO sheets. Their catalytic performance was estimated in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Results showed that Tween 80 stabilized Pd NPs with the molar ratio of Pd to Tween 80 at 1:0.1 possessed the smallest size and the best stability as well. They were encapsulated into viral protein cages (mean size 49 ± 0.26 nm) to assemble confined nanoreactors, most of which contained 1–2 Pd NPs (mean size 8.15 ± 0.26 nm). As-prepared Pd@VP2 indicated an enhanced activity (apparent reaction rate constant kapp = (3.74 ± 0.10) × 10−3 s−1) for the reduction of 4-NP in comparison to non-confined Pd-Tween80 colloid (kapp = (2.20 ± 0.06) × 10−3 s−1). It was logically due to confinement effects of Pd@VP2 including high dispersion of Pd NPs and high effective concentration of substrates in confined space. Pd@VP2 were further immobilized on GO surface through C-N bond. Pd@VP2/GO exhibited good reusability after recycling for four runs, confirming the strong anchoring effects of GO on Pd@VP2.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-020-03252-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jie Zhu [email protected] * Tingdong Li [email protected] 1
National‑Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomass Refining and High‑Quality Utilization, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
2
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
3
State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Graphic Abstract
Keywords Rotavirus · Virus-like particles · Confined nanoreactor · Graphene oxide · Immobilization
1 Introduction Metal catalysis within a nanoscopic confinement environment (e.g. nanocage and nanotube) has caught enormous attention very recently due to its superiority over non-confined analogues, such as maintaining high dispersion and stability of met
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