A Scoping Review of Targeted Interventions and Training to Facilitate Medical Encounters for School-Aged Patients with a
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ORIGINAL PAPER
A Scoping Review of Targeted Interventions and Training to Facilitate Medical Encounters for School‑Aged Patients with an Autism Spectrum Disorder Jennifer L. Kouo1 · Theodore S. Kouo2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a greater number of healthcare provider interactions than individuals without ASD. The obstacles to patient-centered care for this population, which include inflexibility of hospital environments, limited resources, and inadequate training, has been documented. However, there is little knowledge on efforts to address such concerns. A scoping review was conducted and the systematic search of the literature resulted in 23 relevant studies. The predominant themes include the use of data collection instruments, application of evidence-based practices and resources, and training of providers. The results of this review have implications for practitioners and future research to adapt and improve upon the provision of medical care for individuals with ASD across the lifespan. Keywords Autism spectrum disorder · Medical encounters · Evidence-based practices · Healthcare provider training As the fastest growing developmental condition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network estimate that 1 in 54 children are diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the United States (Maenner et al. 2020). Individuals with ASD are a fundamentally heterogeneous population with variability in severity as it relates to both verbal and nonverbal social communication and interaction, and with regards to restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities (American Psychiatric Association 2013). These conditions impact the entire lifespan of the individual (Boyle et al. 2011). Providing optimal care for patients with ASD and their families is becoming increasingly difficult due to potential needs related to strict adherence to routines, sensory defensiveness, and coexisting healthcare comorbidities (Gurney et al. 2006; Suarez 2012; Zwaigenbaum et al. 2016). It is * Jennifer L. Kouo [email protected] 1
Department of Special Education, College of Education, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Psychology Building, Towson, MD 21252, USA
Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hosptial, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
2
estimated that more than 70% have comorbid conditions, with the most common medical concerns involving neurological, gastrointestinal disturbances and respiratory issues (Iannuzzi et al. 2015; Lai et al. 2014; Lui et al. 2017). Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, generalized anxiety, and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are also coexisting conditions in the population (Kiln et al. 2005). Additional psychiatric concerns include externalizing symptoms such as aggression and self-injury, and internalizing symptoms such as mood
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