A single nucleotide polymorphism assay sheds light on the extent and distribution of genetic diversity, population struc
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(2020) 2:26
Journal of Cannabis Research
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Open Access
A single nucleotide polymorphism assay sheds light on the extent and distribution of genetic diversity, population structure and functional basis of key traits in cultivated north American cannabis Philippe Henry1,2* , Surender Khatodia1, Karan Kapoor1, Britni Gonzales2, Alexis Middleton2, Kevin Hong2, Aaron Hilyard2, Steve Johnson2, Davis Allen3, Zachary Chester3, Dan Jin4,5,6, José Carlos Rodriguez Jule7, Iain Wilson7, Manu Gangola8, Jason Broome8,9, Deron Caplan8, Dinesh Adhikary10, Michael K. Deyholos10, Michael Morgan10,11, Oliver W. Hall11, Brent J. Guppy12,13,14 and Cindy Orser2
Abstract Background: The taxonomic classification of Cannabis genus has been delineated through three main types: sativa (tall and less branched plant with long and narrow leaves), indica (short and highly branched plant with broader leaves) and ruderalis (heirloom type with short stature, less branching and small thick leaves). While still under discussion, particularly whether the genus is polytypic or monotypic, this broad classification reflects putative geographical origins of each group and putative chemotype and pharmacologic effect. Methods: Here we describe a thorough investigation of cannabis accessions using a set of 23 highly informative and polymorphic SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) markers associated with important traits such as cannabinoid and terpenoid expression as well as fibre and resin production. The assay offers insight into cannabis population structure, phylogenetic relationship, population genetics and correlation to secondary metabolite concentrations. We demonstrate the utility of the assay for rapid, repeatable and cost-efficient genotyping of commercial and industrial cannabis accessions for use in product traceability, breeding programs, regulatory compliance and consumer education. Results: We identified 5 clusters in the sample set, including industrial hemp (K5) and resin hemp, which likely underwent a bottleneck to stabilize cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) accumulation (K2, Type II & III). Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) resin (Type I) makes up the other three clusters with terpinolene (K4 colloquial “sativa” or “Narrow Leaflet Drug” (NLD), myrcene/pinene (K1) and myrcene/limonene/linalool (K3 colloquial “indica”, “Broad Leaflet Drug” (BLD), which also putatively harbour an active version of the cannabichrometic acid Synthase gene (CBCAS). (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] 1 VSSL Enterprises Ltd., West Kelowna, BC, Canada 2 Digipath Labs Inc., Las Vegas, NV, USA Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if chang
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