A Systematic Review of Drink Specials, Drink Special Laws, and Alcohol-Related Outcomes
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INJURY EPIDEMIOLOGY (S MARSHALL, SECTION EDITOR)
A Systematic Review of Drink Specials, Drink Special Laws, and Alcohol-Related Outcomes Victor Puac-Polanco 1
&
Katherine M. Keyes 1 & Pia M. Mauro 1 & Charles C. Branas 1
Accepted: 21 September 2020 # Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review The adverse health and safety consequences of heavy alcohol consumption are a leading problem around the world. While many risk factors have been extensively studied and presented in comprehensive summaries, not all questions regarding risk factors for problematic drinking behaviors have been answered and presented in systematic reviews. As of March 2020, no review has summarized studies assessing the role of promotional price practices at on-premises alcohol outlets, known as drink specials. Also missing was systematic information of policies that regulated these promotional practices. We aimed to synthesize the available research evidence of the effects that drink specials and drink special laws have on different alcohol-related outcomes. Recent Findings Twelve studies examined the effect of drink specials in seven countries between 1978 and 2018. Of these, 11 found a consistent positive association between drink specials and increased alcohol consumption, heavy drinking, and alcohol intoxication. Drink specials also increased reports of driving under the influence, fighting, and unprotected sex. Drink specials were also associated with expectations of higher consumption and modified attitudes and behaviors towards favorable views of drink specials. Effect sizes ranged from 1.80 to 4.43 increased odds for the examined alcohol-related outcomes. The only study examining the effects of a drink special law revealed mixed findings between prohibiting happy hours and three alcohol-related outcomes. Summary Drink specials were consistently associated with alcohol-related adverse outcomes, but almost nothing is known about the effects of laws restricting drink specials. Keywords Drink special . Drink special laws . Alcohol-related outcomes . Alcohol drinking . Epidemiologic studies . Health policy
Introduction Alcohol use is prevalent worldwide, with over 2 billion people aged 15 years and older having consumed alcoholic beverages in the previous 12-month period in 2016 [1]. Moreover, excessive alcohol use is a primary risk factor for noncommunicable diseases, disability, and mortality. In 2016, 132.6 million combined disability-adjusted life years were due to premature mortality and morbidity from alcohol [1]. In the United States (U.S.), where an estimated 139.8 million This article is part of the Topical Collection on Injury Epidemiology * Victor Puac-Polanco [email protected] 1
Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
people aged 12 years and older consumed alcohol in the past 30 days [2], and 67.1 million engaged in binge drinking in the past month [2], the urgent need for research on factors associated with excessive alcohol co
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