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ORIGINAL PAPER

A three-dimensional carbon electrode derived from bean sprout for supercapacitors Zhou Yang 1 & Meng Xiang 1 & Zhonglian Wu 1 & Jia Hui 2 & Qianyu Huang 3 & Jie Zhang 4 & Hengfei Qin 5,6 Received: 21 April 2020 / Revised: 17 June 2020 / Accepted: 29 June 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

Abstract Conventional carbon materials have been widely used in electrochemical field, but the capacitance and energy density are not ideal. Herein, a plant bean sprout as carbon source and cerium nitrate as the catalyst precursor are intended to prepare electrode materials 3DPCS-x for high-performance supercapacitors. The 3DPCS-x is confirmed to be three-dimensional network and graphitic structure by FESEM and HR-TEM, and doped by heteroatom including N, O, and Ce elements. Among them, 3DPCS700 exhibits excellent electrochemical performances with gravimetric capacitance reaches 421 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and capacitance retention maintains 96.2% after 10,000 cycles. In addition, the capacitance of the 3DPCS-700 symmetric SC is 245 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1 and the maximum energy density is 5.44 Wh Kg−1 at the power density of 300 W kg−1. Our work offers a powerful and sustainable pathway to link biological manner and energy storage beyond the scope of traditional synthetic chemistry. Keywords Biomass carbon . Three-dimensional structure . Heteroatom doping . Supercapacitor

Introduction With the highlights of energy exhausted problem in recent years, considerable efforts have been made to develop renewable energy conversion and storage devices, such as * Zhou Yang [email protected] * Jia Hui [email protected] * Hengfei Qin [email protected] 1

Department of Material Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China

2

Engineering Technology and Materials Research Center, China Academy of Transportation Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

3

Department of Life Science, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berks, London SL5 7PY, England

4

State Grid Linfen Power Supply Company State Grid Shanxi Electric Power Company, Linfen 041000, China

5

Department of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China

6

Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

supercapacitors (SCs) [1]. SCs mainly include electrical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors. EDLCs are based on the adsorption and desorption of charged ions on the electrode/electrolyte interface, and usually made from carbon materials [2]. Pseudocapacitors, characterized by reversible Faradic reactions, are constituted by conducting polymers or transition metal compounds, which often exhibit poor cyclic stability [3–5]. Traditional carbon materials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and activated carbon, the specific capacitances of those are typically less than 100 F g−1, which largely limits their applications [6]. The e