Absorption of gaseous oxygen by liquid cobalt, copper, iron and nickel
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i n c r e a s i n g u s e of oxygen as a r e f i n i n g agent in s t e e l m a k i n g , f e r r o a l l o y production, and n o n f e r r o u s m e t a l l u r g i c a l p r o c e s s e s has g e n e r a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t i n t e r e s t in the k i n e t i c s of o x y g e n / l i q u i d m e t a l i n t e r a c t i o n s . E m i , B o o r s t e i n , and Pehlke I have r e p o r t e d that the a b s o r p t i o n of g a s e o u s pure oxygen by liquid i r o n in a c o n s t a n t v o l u m e S i e v e r t s ' a p p a r a t u s o c c u r s in at l e a s t two s t a g e s . S e s h a d r i and Schwerdtfeger 2 found that the r a t e of oxidation of liquid i r o n c o v e r e d with a liquid F e O - c o n t a i n i n g slag was l i m i t e d by diffusion in the slag l a y e r . F i l i p p o v and Z h a r o v z i n v e s t i gated the kinetic b e h a v i o r of oxygen a b s o r p t i o n by liquid i r o n u s i n g an emf technique and concluded that the r a t e l i m i t i n g step is m a s s t r a n s f e r of oxygen to the m e t a l s u r f a c e . In n o n f e r r o u s s y s t e m s , the oxidation of liquid n i c k e l d r o p l e t s levitated in pure oxygen was r e p o r t e d by P a l m e r 4 to be l i m i t e d by diffusion of oxygen in the gaseous phase. The influence of s u r f a c e t e n s i o n - d r i v e n flow was shown by B a r t o n and B r i m a combe 5 to have a s i g n i f i c a n t effect on the r a t e of oxygen a b s o r p t i o n in liquid copper when oxygen is jetted on the melt s u r f a c e . E x t e n s i v e r e v i e w s of r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d p r i o r to 1971 on the k i n e t i c s of o x y g e n / l i q u i d m e t a l i n t e r a c t i o n s can be found in Refs. 6 and 7. The p r e s e n t study was u n d e r t a k e n to f u r t h e r e l u c i R. H. RADZILOWSKI,formerly a Graduate Student at The University of Michigan,is now a Research Metallurgistat the Metals Division of Union Carbide Corporation, Niagara Falls, New York 14302. R. D. PEHLKE is Professor and Chairman, Department of Materials and MetallurgicalEngineering,The Universityof Michigan,Ann Arbor, MI 48109. Manuscript submitted July 11, 1977. METALLURGICALTRANSACTIONSB
date the oxidation p r o c e s s e s b e t w e e n oxygen and liquid m e t a l s by extending the work of E m i , et al. The beh a v i o r of oxygen with liquid cobalt, copper, and n i c k e l a r e c o m p a r e d to that of i r o n . E X P E R I M E N T A L INVESTIGATION The c o n s t a n t volume S i e v e r t s ' a p p a r a t u s employed in this study is i l l u s t r a t e d s c h e m a t i c a l l y in Fig. 1. The o p e r a t i o n s and p r o c e d u r e s as well as the p u r i t y and s o u r c e of the m a t e r i a l s used in this i n v e s t i g a t i o n have b e e n d e s c r i b e d in d e t a i l p r e v i o u s l y . 6 Only those t e c h n i q u e s p e r t i n e n t to the understanding of the p r e s ent study a r e r e p o r t e d h e r e . The i r o n , cobalt, copper, and n i c k e l were r e c e i v e
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