Acaricide resistance status and identification of resistance mutations in populations of the two-spotted spider mite Tet
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Acaricide resistance status and identification of resistance mutations in populations of the two‑spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae from Ethiopia Eba A Simma1,2 · Bereket Hailu1 · Wim Jonckheere2 · Carolien Rogiers3 · Luc Duchateau3 · Wannes Dermauw2 · Thomas Van Leeuwen2,4 Received: 6 September 2020 / Accepted: 2 November 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract The intensive use of pesticides is a common practice for the management of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in greenhouses and field farms of Ethiopia. However, incidence of resistance and possible resistance mechanisms in T. urticae populations from Ethiopia have not yet been studied. Here, we assessed the toxicity of various acaricides— bifenazate, abamectin, emamectin benzoate, profenofos, fenbutatin oxide, fenpyroximate, amitraz and chlorfenapyr—on T. urticae populations sampled from six flower greenhouse farms, three strawberry greenhouse farms, one field-grown vegetable farm and two wild populations. In parallel, all populations were screened for known target-site mutations. All tested populations were fully susceptible to bifenazate, abamectin, emamectin benzoate and profenofos, but resistant against fenbutatin oxide and fenpyroximate. Four populations showed considerable levels of resistance against amitraz and one population was resistant to chlorfenapyr. Several target-site mutations were identified in the tested populations, including G119S, A201S, T280A, G328A and F331W/C/Y in acetylcholinesterase and the F1538I and L1024V mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel. The F1538I mutation was found in eight out of 12 populations, whereas the L1024V mutation was only found in two populations. The H92R mutation in the PSST subunit of complex I and the I1017F mutation in chitin synthase 1 was detected in half of the tested populations. The G326E and I321T mutations in the glutamate-gated chloride channel 3 were also detected, but more rarely, whereas mitochondrial cytochrome b mutations were not detected. The current study revealed multiple resistance patterns in Ethiopian T. urticae populations and together with the wide presence of target-site mutations, calls for the wise use of acaricides in the management of T. urticae in Ethiopia. Keywords Acari · Pesticide resistance · Resistance management · Ethiopia · Chlorfenapyr resistance · Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s1049 3-020-00567-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Thomas Van Leeuwen [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Experimental and Applied Acarology
Introduction The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a cosmopolitan phytophagous pest and among the economically most important pests in a wide range of outdoor and protected crops (Ilias et al. 2014; Van Leeuwen et al. 20
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