Activation and Evasion of Inflammasomes by Yersinia
The innate immune system plays an essential role in initiating the early response against microbial infection, as well as instructing and shaping subsequent responses. Microbial pathogens are enormously diverse in terms of the niches they occupy, their me
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Abstract The innate immune system plays an essential role in initiating the early response against microbial infection, as well as instructing and shaping subsequent responses. Microbial pathogens are enormously diverse in terms of the niches they occupy, their metabolic properties and requirements, and the cellular pathways that they target. Nevertheless, innate sensing of pathogens triggers a relatively stereotyped set of responses that involve transcriptional induction of key inflammatory mediators, as well as post-translational assembly and activation of a multiprotein inflammatory complex termed ‘the inflammasome.’ Along with classical Pattern Recognition Receptors, the inflammasome activation pathway has emerged as a key regulator of tissue homeostasis and immune defense. Components of the inflammasome generally exist within the cell in a soluble, monomeric state, and oligomerize in response to diverse enzymatic activities associated with infection or cellular stress. Inflammasome assembly triggers activation of the pro-enzyme caspase-1, resulting in the cleavage of caspase-1 targets. The most extensively studied targets are the cytokines of the IL-1 family, but the recent discovery of Gasdermin D as a novel target of caspase-1 and the related inflammatory caspase, caspase-11, has begun to mechanistically define the links between caspase-1 activation and cell death. Cell death is a hallmark of macrophage infection by many pathogens, including the gram-negative bacterial pathogens of the genus Yersinia. Intriguingly, the activities of the Yersinia-secreted effector proteins and the type III secretion system (T3SS) itself have been linked to both inflammasome activation N.H. Philip E.E. Zwack I.E. Brodsky (&) Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA e-mail: [email protected] N.H. Philip I.E. Brodsky Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA N.H. Philip Immunology Graduate Group, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA E.E. Zwack Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 S. Backert (ed.), Inflammasome Signaling and Bacterial Infections, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 397, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_4
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and evasion during infection. The balance between these activating and inhibitory activities shapes the outcome of Yersinia infection. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge on interactions between Yersinia and the inflammasome system, with the goal of integrating these findings within the general framework of inflammasome responses to microbial pathogens.
Contents 1
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1.1 Evolutionary Relationships Among the Pathogenic Yersinia.................................... 1.2 Features of Yersinia-Induced Cell Death ...
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