Active Design Technologies
In the earlier chapter we looked at Passive Design strategies and technologies that are built into the building and passively help by working with the ambient conditions in improving reducing the overall carbon footprint of the building. Active design tec
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Active Design Technologies
In the earlier chapter we looked at Passive Design strategies and technologies that are built into the building and passively help by working with the ambient conditions in improving reducing the overall carbon footprint of the building. They do not consume any energy as such, but can help in reducing the operating energy use in the building. Although passive design technologies are an important aspect of designing green and smart buildings, they are not actively controllable and hence may not be responsive enough to tackle the changing demands and requirements in a building. Once designed in, the passive design features cannot be varied much to meet the specific operating needs. Here is where we start looking at the active design technologies that can be dynamically controlled and hence can meet all the different operating conditions and requirements. Active design technologies consume energy and hence the most important aspect of such technologies for green buildings is their energy efficiency i.e. the ratio of the output delivered over energy input. We would be looking at active design technologies in the following areas: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Heating, Cooling and Ventilation Lighting Building services equipment such as pumps, lifts, escalators, etc. Plug loads or receptacle loads.
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Heating, Cooling and Ventilation
In buildings, occupant comfort is achieved in a controlled way through what is commonly referred to as Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment. However, in warm climates there is much more requirement for cooling than heating. Also in tropical and humid weathers, its required to dehumidify the air to a comfortable level. © Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 N.Y. Jadhav, Green and Smart Buildings, Green Energy and Technology, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1002-6_5
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Human comfort inside the building is however subjective and depends on various factors. To focus on thermal comfort of occupants in buildings, there are several that need to be considered: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Temperature of the air surrounding the occupant. Relative humidity or water vapor/moisture in the air. Air velocity or the rate of air movement. Radiant temperature from the surfaces surrounding the occupant. Clothing insulation provided by the clothes the person is wearing. Metabolism or the energy generated from the human body.
While the personal factors such as clothing insulation and metabolism are difficult to control by the building engineers, they affect the occupants’ overall perception of thermal comfort. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) has developed software programs for calculating thermal comfort parameters and making predictions using several existing thermal comfort models. It’s called the ASHRAE Thermal comfort tool and is available for purchase on their website. A free tool is available at: http:// comfort.cbe.berkeley.edu/. The purpose of the active heating, cooling and mechanical v
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