Adoption and failure rates of vaccinations for disease prevention in chicken farms in Jos, Nigeria
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Adoption and failure rates of vaccinations for disease prevention in chicken farms in Jos, Nigeria I. O. Igbokwe 1
&
C. V. Maduka 1,2
&
N. A. Igbokwe 1
&
S. J. Ogbaji 1,3,4 & C. C. Onah 3 & N. N. Atsanda 1
Received: 21 August 2019 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract Vaccinations against diseases to prevent disease outbreaks are strategic to disease prevention, but vaccination failures may constitute a challenge in practice. This study was aimed at assessing the adoption and failure rates of vaccinations in 80 chicken farms in Jos, Nigeria. Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire validated by interviews and checking of farm and veterinary records. Vaccination score (0–1) from the vaccination checklist (5 for broilers and 12 for layers) and vaccination procedure score (0–1), based on scored adopted procedures, were calculated for each farm. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated for each vaccine using the odds ratio from the association of frequencies of disease outbreaks in vaccinated and unvaccinated flocks. Farmers used more of imported than local vaccines. Vaccination procedure and vaccination scores did not influence frequencies of disease outbreaks, but vaccination scores tended to non-robustly correlate (r = − 0.89, p > 0.05) with rates of disease outbreak. Vaccination rates were highest against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease, and their vaccinations also had the highest effectiveness. There was an association (p = 0.009) between composite vaccination rates and disease outbreaks with 2.1 odds of outbreaks in vaccinated than unvaccinated flocks. Vaccination failures occurred in the use of 11 out of 12 vaccines and the highest failure rate (47.9%) was in vaccination against coccidiosis. Therefore, vaccination failure is a critical factor in poultry vaccination practice within the locality. The adoption of poultry vaccinations needs to be strategised in the context of a national poultry vaccination policy in order to promote effective poultry disease prevention and control. Keywords Disease outbreak . Disease prevention . Poultry diseases . Vaccination adoption and failure . Vaccine effectiveness . Nigeria
Introduction Poultry disease epidemics result in economic losses, impact on livelihoods and food security and impede international trade in poultry products. Disease outbreaks increase costs and push up
* I. O. Igbokwe [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Strategic Animal Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P. O. Box 8000, Maiduguri, BO 600001, Nigeria
2
Comparative and Integrative Biology Programme / Institute for Quantitative Health Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
3
Health and Agricultural Technical Services (HATS Vet), T1 Jubilee Jenta Street, Jos, Nigeria
4
Sylvan Veterinary Services, Owerri, Nigeria
retail prices of poultry products, thereby reducing affordable access to poultry-sourced proteins. Efforts to reduce the cost of production may l
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