Adrenal Disorders

The most frequent cause nowadays is autoimmune adrenalitis, which can be confirmed by the presence of 21-hydroxylase-antibodies (Oelkers 1996). When suspected on clinical grounds, adrenal insufficiency has to be confirmed by inappropriately low serum cort

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Contents 1 Primary Adrenal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 Therapy of Adrenal Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Primary Adrenal Failure in Pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Definition and Pathophysiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Treatment of CAH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Other Sex- and Gender-Dimorphic Effects of Glucocorticoids in Animal and Human Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Pregnancy-Related Animal Models: Effects on Development of Offspring . . . . . . . 3.2 Effects on Expression of Genes and Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Effects on Neural Correlates of Emotional Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Anti-inflammatory Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Abbreviations 11b-HSD2 ACTH

11b-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase Adrenocorticotropin

A. Gessl Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, W€ahringer G€ urtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria R. Lemmens-Gruber Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria A. Kautzky-Willer (*) Gender Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, W€ahringer G€urtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria e-mail: [email protected] V. Regitz-Zagrosek (ed.), Sex and Gender Differences in Pharmacology, Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 214, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-30726-3_16, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012

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BCRP1 BETA CAH CBG DEX DHEA GR MR sGC

Breast cancer-resistance protein Betamethasone Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Corticosterone-binding globulin Dexamethasone Dehydroepiandrosterone Glucocorticoid receptor Mineralocortico