Adsorption/desorption studies of norfloxacin on brushite nanoparticles from reverse microemulsions
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Adsorption/desorption studies of norfloxacin on brushite nanoparticles from reverse microemulsions Iván D. Rojas‑Montoya1 · Paola Fosado‑Esquivel1 · Laura V. Henao‑Holguín2 · Ariana E. Esperanza‑Villegas2 · MaJosefa Bernad‑Bernad2 · Jesús Gracia‑Mora1 Received: 21 February 2019 / Revised: 30 May 2019 / Accepted: 27 June 2019 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract Calcium phosphates are used in biomedical materials, such as bone cement, bone replacement material and drug carriers, as they are the major inorganic constituents of hard human tissue. Different reverse microemulsions were prepared to synthesize brushite materials with diverse shapes and sizes. SEM analysis showed that from ME1 an irregular amorphous material was obtained, those from ME2 formed macroscopic sheets and nanoparticles synthesized from ME3 formed nanorods-like structures. Due to their size and shape, those nanoparticles were used as drug carriers for controlled drug release. The results suggest a direct effect of the type of reverse microemulsion used, and that the amount of water added to the reverse microemulsion may also affect the phase of the final material. An evaluation of adsorption and desorption of the antibiotic norfloxacin was carried out on the nanoparticles obtained from ME3 and demonstrated that the nanoparticles could be used not only as a tissue engineering material but also as a controlled drug delivery system. Keywords Brushite · Calcium phosphate · Drug delivery · Reverse microemulsion · Nanoparticle
1 Introduction Calcium phosphate (CaP) materials have attracted considerable attention in the scientific community as they are the major inorganic constituents of hard human tissue (i.e., bones and teeth) (Welzel et al. 2004; Ramirez-Gutierrez et al. 2016; Cai et al. 2007; Zhao et al. 2005; Younes et al. 2016; Yu et al. 2017; Ginebra et al. 2012), and except for enamel, are always nanocrystalline in structure (Welzel et al. 2004; Singh et al. 2008). It can, therefore, be inferred that appropriate control of the size, shape, and composition of nanoparticles may enhance bioactivity, biocompatibility, surface area, chemical, and physical stability as well as mechanical properties (Singh et al. 2008). As a result, CaP materials have been used as bone fillers (Vallet-Regí and González-Calbet 2004; Dorozhkin 2009a; Xia et al. 2013; Durdu et al. 2013) and as coating materials for dental and * Jesús Gracia‑Mora [email protected] 1
Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Mexico, Mexico
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orthopaedics implants (Aguilar-Frutis et al. 2009; Kar et al. 2006; Kumar et al. 2007; Pang and Zhitomirsky 2008). Due to their high biocompatibility, CaP nanoparticles are promising candidates for drug delivery (Niu et al. 2012; Li et al. 2012; Guo et al. 2011, 2012; Wu et al. 2011; Uskoković and Uskoković 2011; Shao et al. 2012; Giger et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2010a; Ye et al. 2010; Kozlova et al. 2012; Ginebra
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