Adsorption of DBT and 4,6-DMDBTon nanoporous activated carbons: the role of surface chemistry and the solvent
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Adsorption of DBT and 4,6-DMDBTon nanoporous activated carbons: the role of surface chemistry and the solvent Kyriazis Rekos 1 & Zoi-Christina Kampouraki 1 & Chrisowalantou Panou 1 & Alexandra Baspanelou 1 & Konstantinos Triantafyllidis 1 & Eleni Deliyanni 1 Received: 5 November 2019 / Accepted: 25 February 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Adsorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) and 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) from solutions in hexane and hexadecane respectively as well as in acetonitrile for both thiophenic compounds was investigated with sorbents of three activated carbons and their oxidized counterparts. The raw sorbents were of different surface acidity. Oxygen surface groups created after oxidation increased the adsorption of thiophenic compounds via polar interactions. Keywords Desulfurization . DBT . 4,6-DMDBT . Activated carbons . Acid-treated carbons
Introduction Sulfur content in diesel and gasoline, during fuel combustion, forms sulfur dioxide (SO2) that contributes to environmental pollution (Fallah and Azizian 2012; Topsøe et al. 1996). SO2 is able to cause acid rain, that has dangerous effects on human health, on the environment and on structures (RabarihoelaRakotovao et al. 2006; Seredych and Bandosz 2010). Besides, poisoning of the expensive noble metal-based catalysts in vehicles’ catalytic converters is also caused. For these reasons, regulations were set with limits less than 15 ppm of sulfur in diesel and off-road fuel and 30 ppm in gasoline (Cychosz et al. 2008; Seredych and Bandosz 2013). Deep desulfurization of fuels is an environmental demand with hydrodesulfurization (HDS) to be the method widely applied for the removal from fossil fuel the majority of sulfurcontaining compounds (Kabe et al. 1999; Michaud et al. 1998). Hydrodesulfurization is of high technological Responsible Editor: Tito Roberto Cadaval Jr Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08242-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Eleni Deliyanni [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
importance, having as goal the elimination of sulfur using cobalt- and nickel-based catalysts and take place at elevated temperatures and high pressure (Farag et al. 1998; Song 2003; Yang et al. 2007; Yu et al. 2005). Although hydrodesulfurization presents a high efficiency, the dibenzothiophenes and particularly 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene are difficult to be completely removed. Physical adsorption, reactive adsorption, extractive desulfurization, oxidative desulfurization, and biodesulfurization are promising desulfurization methods with goal fuels with ultralow sulfur content based on the use of an appropriate adsorbent. The role of an effective adsorbent is crucial since it has to possess a sufficient s
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