Preparation of hierarchical porous activated carbons from different industrial lignin for highly efficient adsorption pe
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Preparation of hierarchical porous activated carbons from different industrial lignin for highly efficient adsorption performance Shuang Liu1 · Wenguang Wei1,2 · Shubin Wu1 · Fengshan Zhang2
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Business cost concern of solid adsorbents has motivated the production of porous activated carbons from waste biomass materials. In this work, three hierarchical porous activated carbons (HPAC) are obtained using hardwood alkali lignin (HPAC-H), sodium lignosulfonate (HPAC-L), and softwood alkali lignin (HPAC-S) as precursors and potassium hydroxide (KOH) as inorganic template and activation agent. their morphology and structure are characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, the microscopic morphology of HPAC-H is rough surface with irregular pores and channels with uniform diameters; HPAC-L is hollow spheres of different sizes; and HPAC-S is solids particles with honeycomb pores. And they have a hierarchical porous structure with macro-meso-micropore. Moreover, HPAC-H exhibits the highest specific surface area (2852 m 2·g−1), the largest total pore volume (1.50 c m3·g−1) and the highest oxygen content (10.61 at%) as compared to HAPC-L (2397 m2·g−1, 1.37 cm3·g−1, and 9.13 at%) and HAPC-S (2518 m2·g−1, 1.41 cm3·g−1, and 9.59 at%). In adsorption tests, the adsorption data of three activated carbons fits well with the Langmuir and Freundlich equations. The maximum methylene-blue (MB) adsorption capacity onto HPAC-H, HPAC-L, and HPAC-S calculated by Langmuir equation is 1671.66 mg·g−1, 1182.84 mg·g−1, and 1409.32 mg·g−1, respectively. The excellent absorption capacity should be benefited from high surface area, the improved interconnected macro-meso-microporous framework and enriched surface functional groups. The obtained high-performance hierarchical porous activated carbons can afford a noteworthy potential for removing dye from wastewater. Keywords Activated carbon · Hierarchical porous structure · Industrial lignin · Adsorption
1 Introduction With the development of industry and the growth of population, the steadily increased consumption of fossil fuel has caused related environmental problems, such as: global warming, air pollution. Considerable attention has been paid to finding green and renewable resources for new energy and materials. Extensive concern is to find suitable and convenient methods of synthesizing materials and explore the conversion of by-products into functional materials. Lignin is * Shubin Wu [email protected] 1
State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
Shandong Huatai Paper Co. Ltd, Dongying, Shandong 257000, PR China
2
the second natural biomass after cellulose on the earth, about 70 million tons of lignin produced during th
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