Adsorption of Methyl Blue onto Activated Carbon Derived from Red Oak ( Quercus rubra ) Acorns: a 2 6 Factorial Design an
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Adsorption of Methyl Blue onto Activated Carbon Derived from Red Oak (Quercus rubra) Acorns: a 26 Factorial Design and Analysis Mohammad Shahedur Rahman
Received: 2 August 2020 / Accepted: 25 November 2020 # The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns were used as precursor for preparing activated carbon by thermal activation. Red oak activated carbon (RAC) was evaluated for the removal of methyl blue (MB), using batch adsorption experiments. SEM images taken before and after adsorption experiments showed difference of surface morphology. A 26 full factorial design approach was used to determine the main and interaction effect of independent factors on dye removal rate. The six independent factors used for this study were sorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, temperature, mixing rate (rpm), and mixing time. The response of this factorial design was percentage of dye removal (R%) from an aqueous solution. All independent factors showed significant influence. Initial dye concentration and adsorbent dose exhibited largest negative and positive influence on removal rate, respectively. The factorial experiments also demonstrated significant synergistic/ antagonistic interaction between all these factors. Optimum conditions for adsorption were adsorbent dosage = 0.25 g/50 ml, initial dye concentration = 10.0 mg L 1, pH = 10, temperature = 45 °C, mixing rate = 175 rpm, and mixing time = 2.0 h. Under these
M. S. Rahman Centre for Water Resources Studies, Department of Civil & Resource Engineering, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington St, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada M. S. Rahman (*) Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia e-mail: [email protected]
conditions, response, dye removal rate R, was maximized, with a value of 97.18%. The findings of this study could be useful for industrial wastewater treatment systems. Keywords Red oak (Quercus rubra) acorns . Adsorption . Activated carbon . Factorial design . Dye removal
1 Introduction Dyes are extensively used in numerous industries, especially in the textile, paper, rubber, plastic, leather, cosmetics, food, and drug industries. Commonly used dyes are synthetic aromatic water-soluble colorants. The majority of dyes are resistant to detergents and other similar chemicals (Yagub et al. 2014). Industrial effluent containing dyes and their derivatives are a major concern due to their adverse effects to ecosystem. They could also pose esthetic problem. Due to their recalcitrance nature, they could cause undesirable color to water, which will reduce sunlight penetration, decrease photosynthesis, and ultimately harm the aquatic life (Wong et al. 2004; Danish et al. 2018). Demand of these dyes is growing significantly (Aljeboree et al. 2017). Globally more than 10,000 types of dyes, weighing over 7 × 105 to 1 × 106 metric tons, are annually produced, and around 10 to15% of
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