Advances in 3D Geo-Information Sciences
During the last decade developments in 3D Geoinformation have made substantial progress. We are about to have a more complete spatial model and understanding of our planet in different scales. Hence, various communities and cities offer 3D landscape and c
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For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7418
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Thomas H. Kolbe (Eds.)
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Gerhard Ko¨nig
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Claus Nagel
Advances in 3D Geo-Information Sciences
Editors Thomas H. Kolbe Technische Universita¨t Berlin Fachgebiet Methodik der Geoinformationstechnik Sekr. H 12 Strabe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany [email protected]
Gerhard Ko¨nig Technische Universita¨t Berlin Fachgebiet Methodik der Geoinformationstechnik Sekr. H 12 Straße des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany [email protected]
Claus Nagel Technische Universita¨t Berlin Fachgebiet Methodik der Geoinformationstechnik Sekr. H 12 Strabe des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany [email protected]
ISSN 1863-2246 e-ISSN 1863-2351 ISBN 978-3-642-12669-7 e-ISBN 978-3-642-12670-3 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-12670-3 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011921705 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: deblik, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
The shape, extent, and location of spatial objects and environmental phenomena as well as the spatial distribution of physical and environmental characteristics are increasingly being described using three-dimensional (3D) geospatial representations today. In general, 3D modeling does not only affect the dimensionality of the spatial representation but also introduces the thematic structuring and decomposition of objects and phenomena along an additional – often the vertical – axis, leading to models that are typically much higher structured than 2D models. However, building modeling, urban and landscape modeling, modeling of the lithosphere and topography of the Earth, and Earth system modeling all have different requirements on the specific spatial representation and have brought forward a multitude of different 3D modeling frameworks and paradigms. With the additional consideration of temporal aspects another representational dimension is reflected, often being referred to as 4D modeling. One of the most active research fields has been recently the integration of spatial and spatio-temporal aspects together with them
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