Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices
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REVIEW
Open Access
Advances in closed-loop deep brain stimulation devices Mahboubeh Parastarfeizabadi* and Abbas Z. Kouzani
Abstract Background: Millions of patients around the world are affected by neurological and psychiatric disorders. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a device-based therapy that could have fewer side-effects and higher efficiencies in drug-resistant patients compared to other therapeutic options such as pharmacological approaches. Thus far, several efforts have been made to incorporate a feedback loop into DBS devices to make them operate in a closed-loop manner. Methods: This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the existing research-based and commercial closed-loop DBS devices. It describes a brief history of closed-loop DBS techniques, biomarkers and algorithms used for closing the feedback loop, components of the current research-based and commercial closed-loop DBS devices, and advancements and challenges in this field of research. This review also includes a comparison of the closed-loop DBS devices and provides the future directions of this area of research. Results: Although we are in the early stages of the closed-loop DBS approach, there have been fruitful efforts in design and development of closed-loop DBS devices. To date, only one commercial closed-loop DBS device has been manufactured. However, this system does not have an intelligent and patient dependent control algorithm. A closed-loop DBS device requires a control algorithm to learn and optimize the stimulation parameters according to the brain clinical state. Conclusions: The promising clinical effects of open-loop DBS have been demonstrated, indicating DBS as a pioneer technology and treatment option to serve neurological patients. However, like other commercial devices, DBS needs to be automated and modernized. Keywords: Deep rain simulation, Closed-loop control, Biomarker, Sensor, Signal conditioning, Stimulator
Background Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) can be classified into open-loop (also known as conventional) and closed-loop (also known as adaptive) paradigms. Closed-loop DBS employs a sensor to record a signal linked to symptoms while open-loop DBS does not use a sensor for recording the brain condition; therefore, stimulation parameters including duration, amplitude, and frequency of the pulse train remain constant in open-loop DBS regardless of fluctuations in the disease state. The recorded signal is known as a biomarker and can have varying nature, e.g. bioelectric, physiologic, biochemical, etc. In the open-loop DBS, a specialist tracks the patient’s clinical state and manually programs the device in a trial-and* Correspondence: [email protected] School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
error based manner. Adjustments of stimulation parameters are not conducted in real-time based on the ongoing neurophysiological variations in the brain; therefore, adverse effects on the patient may be induced due to the brain overstimulation. On the other hand, in the closed
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