Advances in Nanomaterials Fundamentals, Properties and Applicati
This exploratory textbook starts with fundamentals that satisfy the needs of a diverse group of educators, researchers and students aspiring to engage in research and engineering of nanomaterials. It bridges the gap between undergraduate students in
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Advances in Nanomaterials Fundamentals, Properties and Applications
Advances in Nanomaterials
Ganesh Balasubramanian Editor
Advances in Nanomaterials Fundamentals, Properties and Applications
Editor Ganesh Balasubramanian Lehigh University Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-64715-9 ISBN 978-3-319-64717-3 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64717-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017957053 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
Let’s imagine we have a block of gold and a pair of metal-cutting scissors, and we start cutting the gold into small pieces. The original block of gold is typically of millimeter dimension, i.e., macro or bulk material. If we keep on cutting the gold to smaller and smaller sizes, such that the smallest piece is 1 millionth in size of the original block, that dimension is a nanometer, and now that “nano” piece of gold is a nanomaterial. The properties of a nanomaterial are significantly different from its bulk counterpart. For example, bulk gold melts at above 1000 °C while a gold nanoparticle melts at around room temperature. Also, gold as we know it is yellowish in color, but a nano-piece of gold is typically ruby red in color due to different light absorption properties. The fundamental discovery that material properties are different, and in many cases, better when nanostructured rather than as macroscopic particles has paved the way for a widespread interest in nanoscience. Just to give a perspective, the thickness of an average human hair is about 100,000 nm while the diameter of an atom is about 0.4 nm. Thus, nanotechnology, in esse
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