Advances in Nanomaterials

This book provides a review of the latest research findings and key applications in the field of nanomaterials. The book contains twelve chapters on different aspects of nanomaterials. It begins with key fundamental concepts to aid readers new to the disc

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Mushahid Husain Zishan Husain Khan Editors

Advances in Nanomaterials

Advanced Structured Materials Volume 79

Series editors Andreas Öchsner, Southport Queensland, Australia Lucas F.M. da Silva, Porto, Portugal Holm Altenbach, Magdeburg, Germany

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611

Mushahid Husain Zishan Husain Khan •

Editors

Advances in Nanomaterials

123

Editors Mushahid Husain M.J.P. Rohilkhand University Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh India

ISSN 1869-8433 Advanced Structured Materials ISBN 978-81-322-2666-6 DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2668-0

Zishan Husain Khan Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi India

ISSN 1869-8441

(electronic)

ISBN 978-81-322-2668-0

(eBook)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016930552 © Springer India 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by SpringerNature The registered company is Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd.

Foreword

There have been remarkable new developments related to amazing properties of materials when their particle sizes reduce to nanometer scale. There are reports of applications of several of these in widely different disciplines of science ranging from physical sciences to engineering, life sciences, agriculture, textiles, cosmetics, medical and biomedical fields as well as in environmental protection. Several technological developments, particularly those related to nanoelectronics with feature sizes entering below ten nanometers have raised expectations to unprecedented levels. The potential of wide ranging applications is posing challenges in the fundamental sciences regarding clear understanding of relationship between properties and basic physical and chemical characteristics including composition, trace impurities, crystallographic structure, and defects. There are numerous reputed R&D groups in India and worldwide, which are focusing their R&D activities on different aspects of