Adverse Effects Induced by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Freshwater Invertebrates
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of molecules representing one of the most relevant therapeutic class found in the aquatic ecosystems worldwide. NSAIDs are commonly and extensively used for their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-in
- PDF / 201,000 Bytes
- 14 Pages / 439.37 x 666.142 pts Page_size
- 87 Downloads / 159 Views
Contents 1 NSAIDs in Freshwater Ecosystems 2 Adverse Effects of NSAIDs of Freshwater Organisms 2.1 Effects Induced by Paracetamol Exposure 2.2 Effects Induced by Diclofenac Exposure 2.3 Effects Induced by Ibuprofen Exposure 3 Conclusions References
Abstract Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of molecules representing one of the most relevant therapeutic class found in the aquatic ecosystems worldwide. NSAIDs are commonly and extensively used for their analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties to cure pain and inflammation in both human and veterinary therapy. Because of the huge, continuative and increasing use, as well as their specific pharmacokinetic properties, after medical use they are excreted in their native form or as metabolites and enter the aquatic ecosystems. A number of monitoring surveys has reported levels of NSAIDs exceeding 1 μg/L in influent and effluents of Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs), while lower concentrations have been found in surface waters, ranging in the ng/L – μg/L range. Among NSAIDs, paracetamol, diclofenac, and ibuprofen are the most detected therapeutics found in aquatic ecosystems. Although the concentrations of these molecules in surface waters are quite low, their high biological activity might confer them a potential toxicity towards non-target aquatic organisms. The present chapter aims at reviewing the adverse effects induced by paracetamol, diclofenac, and ibuprofen towards different freshwater invertebrates belonging to different taxa. Although acute toxicity of paracetamol, diclofenac, and ibuprofen occur only at
M. Parolini (*) Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 L. M. Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact, Hdb Env Chem, https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2020_547
M. Parolini
high, unrealistic concentrations, sublethal effects were caused by low, environmentally relevant concentrations of these drugs. For these reasons, further studies represent a priority in order to enlarge the knowledge on NSAID toxicity towards aquatic organisms and to shed light on their real ecological hazard towards aquatic communities. Keywords Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Invertebrates, Paracetamol, Toxicity
1 NSAIDs in Freshwater Ecosystems In the last two decades, pharmaceuticals have been identified as emerging contaminants for aquatic ecosystems. Emerging contaminants are synthetic or natural compounds that has recently been found in natural ecosystems and for which environmental or public health risks are limited or yet to be established. These molecules are not routinely monitored, and, even if their environmental concentrations are low, they are suspected to cause adverse effects towards ecosystems [1, 2]. The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic ecosystems represents one of the main concerns that ecotoxicology has to face in recent years [3–5]. Pharmaceuticals are e
Data Loading...
