Use of Membrane for Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) belong to most used pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine, the emerge of drugs in the environment is a concern subject. The contamination is due to the consumption and the excretion of large quantit
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ntents 1 Introduction 2 Consumption and Presence of NSAIDs in Wastewater 3 Mechanisms of Elimination of NSAIDs and Influence Variables 4 Filtration Method 5 Emulsion Liquid Membrane 6 Membrane Bioreactor 7 Hollow Fiber Membrane 8 Conclusion References
Abstract Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) belong to most used pharmaceuticals in human and veterinary medicine, the emerge of drugs in the environment is a concern subject. The contamination is due to the consumption and the excretion of large quantities of pharmaceuticals via urine and feces in wastewaters. In this chapter, the reader will have an overview of the use of different types of membranes and their combined method in the removal of NSAIDs and demonstration that the use of membrane could be an environment-friendly methodology that enhances its efficiency in the removal of these compounds. Keywords Membrane bioreactor, Nanofiltration, Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Reverse osmosis, Ultrafiltration
R. M. Gómez-Espinosa (*) Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] D. Arizmendi-Cotero Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca, Unidad Académica Capulhuac, Capulhuac de Mirafuentes, Mexico Leobardo Manuel Gómez-Oliván (ed.), Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Water: Emerging Contaminants and Ecological Impact, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_552, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
R. M. Gómez-Espinosa and D. Arizmendi-Cotero
1 Introduction In the past decades, there has been a growth in the number of published articles that have focused on the environmental monitoring of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Among the emerging environmental contaminants, pharmaceutically active compounds have become a growing public concern because of their potential to cause undesirable ecological and human health effects. The concentrations of five common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid, were determined in surface waters [1]. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a drug class FDA approved for use as antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic agents [2]. These effects make NSAIDs useful for the treatment of muscle pain, dysmenorrhea, arthritic conditions, pyrexia, gout, and migraines and used as opioid-sparing agents in certain acute trauma cases [3–5].
Cl O NH
CH3
OH
OH H3C
Cl
OH
Diclofenac
H3C
O
O
Naproxen O O
OH
O
H3C
H3C CH3
Ibuprofen
Ketoprofeno
It is believed that the water sources are contaminated with a variety of pharmaceutical compounds due to the absence of wastewater separation and limitation of sanitation sewer systems. Most frequently, conventional treatment processes applied at domestic wastewater treatment plants fail to remove completely pharmaceutical substances; that is why it is very important to explore a new technology using
Use of Membrane for Removal of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
membranes and a combined mem
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