Aluminium powder as a reactive template for preparation of carbon flakes from CCl 4
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Aluminium powder as a reactive template for preparation of carbon flakes from CCl4 Erik Šimon1,2 · Peter Billik1,3 · Ľubomír Orovčík4 · Štefan Nagy4 · Vlasta Sasinková5 · Martin T. Palou6 · Martin Škrátek3 · Veronika Trembošová2,4 · Gustav Plesch1 Received: 10 April 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 © Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences 2020
Abstract This work presents a simple procedure for the preparation of 2D carbon flakes by a catalyst-free redox reaction in the range of 400–600 °C at atmospheric pressure. Tetrachloromethane ( CCl4) was reduced by aluminium flakes (Al), which also serve as a template for carbon flakes, for either 60 min or 120 min. Gaseous aluminium chloride ( AlCl3) was released from the synthesis. According to BET analysis, the prepared carbon flakes exhibit a mesoporous structure with surface area in the range of 300–500 m2 g−1. The 2D morphology and amorphous character was confirmed by XRD, Raman spectra and TEM analyses. In addition, SEM and TEM images revealed the carbon flakes are composed from carbon layers which can be also folded. A mechanism of their formation was also proposed. At higher reaction temperature, e.g., 700 °C, 1D carbon nanostructures with worm-like morphology was obtained. Graphic Abstract
Keywords Carbon flakes · CCl4 · Aluminium flakes · Reduction · Mesoporous carbon
Introduction
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-020-01303-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Erik Šimon [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Two-dimensional (2D) carbon materials, such as graphene or carbon nanosheets, have received considerable attention in recent time due to their unique electrical properties, which make them suitable for application in cutting-edge energy storage equipment. These 2D materials offer large surfaceto-volume ratios, continuous conducting pathways through the electrodes, and facile strain relaxation during battery operation [Zhu et al. 2011; Huang et al. 2012; Liu et al. 2012; Fan and Shen 2015; Tang et al. 2018].
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The last decade has witnessed an immense growth of preparation methods of carbon materials with 2D morphology. They include delaminating, exfoliation [Song et al. 2013], templating processes [Geng et al. 2016], self-assembly [Chen et al. 2013], chemical vapour deposition [Wang Z et al. 2014b], solvothermal routes [Choi et al. 2014] and carbonization of biomass [Hou et al. 2017]. However, these methods are often expensive and require the use of a transition metal-based catalyst. On the other hand, the templating method is one of the most used techniques for producing carbon materials without catalyst. It is suitable for preparation of carbon with various morphologies including spheres [Liu et al. 2015], plates [Fan and Shen 2015], rods or other different morphologies [Benzigar et al. 2018]. Two types of templating methods are usually e
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