Aluminum-Induced Toxicity in Salivary Glands of Mice After Long-term Exposure: Insights into the Redox State and Morphol
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Aluminum-Induced Toxicity in Salivary Glands of Mice After Long-term Exposure: Insights into the Redox State and Morphological Analyses Deiweson de Souza-Monteiro 1 & Paula Beatriz de Oliveira Nunes 1 & Railson de Oliveira Ferreira 1 & Luciana Guimarães Eiró 1 & Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt 1 & Victoria dos Santos Chemelo 1 & Sávio Monteiro dos Santos 2 & Renata Duarte de Souza-Rodrigues 1 & Marta Chagas Monteiro 2 & Rafael Rodrigues Lima 1 Received: 2 January 2020 / Accepted: 21 February 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Several studies indicate aluminum (Al) as a potent toxicant, mainly related to central nervous system disorders. However, investigations about the Al effects over salivary glands are still scarce. In this way, the present study aimed to investigate whether the Al chloride (AlCl3) is able of triggering oxidative stress in parotid and submandibular glands of mice and also, if any morphological impairment is observed. For this, twenty mice were divided into two groups: Exposed group (EG), which received 18.5 mg/kg of AlCl3 by intragastric gavage for 60 days and control group (CG), which received distilled water by intragastric gavage during the same period of time. After that, levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) were analyzed and we performed morphological analyses by evaluating the area of parenchyma, stroma, acini, and ducts in both glands. Statistical analyses were performed by Student’s t test and two-way ANOVA, adopting p < 0.05. No abnormal body weight was observed and data indicates that although both major salivary glands are susceptible to Al-induced oxidative stress, by increasing MDA and reducing GSH, only submandibular glands decreased the parenchyma and increased stroma area. Moreover, the submandibular glands showed smaller total area of acini and higher total area of ducts, in comparison with the control group. Notably, AlCl3 induces oxidative stress in both glands, however, submandibular glands showed to be more susceptible to Al effects than parotid glands. Our study gives evidences about Al toxicity in parotid and submandibular glands and claims for new investigations to understand more mechanisms of Al-induced toxicity. Keywords Aluminum . Toxicodynamic . Salivary glands . Morphology . Oxidative biochemistry
Introduction The most abundant metallic element found in Earth’s crust is aluminum (Al) [1]. Exposure to Al is almost inevitable due to Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02091-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rafael Rodrigues Lima [email protected] 1
Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, PA, Brazil
2
Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Oxidative Stress, Pharmacy Faculty, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
its widespread environmental presence. Acid rain can al
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