Aluminum Nanoparticles Acting as a Pulmonary Vaccine Adjuvant-Delivery System (VADS) Able to Safely Elicit Robust System
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Aluminum Nanoparticles Acting as a Pulmonary Vaccine Adjuvant‑Delivery System (VADS) Able to Safely Elicit Robust Systemic and Mucosal Immunity Ning Wang1 · Chunliu Wei2 · Zina Zhang2 · Ting Liu2 · Ting Wang2 Received: 7 April 2020 / Accepted: 29 April 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Vulnerability of respiratory mucosa to invasions of airborne pathogens, such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and avian viruses which sometimes cause a life-threatening epidemic and even pandemic, underscores significance of developing a pulmonary vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS). Herein, 30-nm aluminum nanoparticles (ANs), unlike the mostly used adjuvant alum which is unsuitable for delivering pulmonary vaccines due to side effects, proved able to act as a VADS fitting inhalation immunization to elicit wide-spread anti-antigen immunity. In vitro ANs facilitated cellular uptake of their cargos and, after pulmonary vaccination, induced mouse production of high levels of anti-antigen IgG in serum and IgA in saliva, nasal, bronchoalveolar and also vaginal fluids. Besides, IFN-γ and anti-antigen IgG2a enriched in immunized mice which meanwhile showed no obvious lung inflammation indicated balanced Th1/Th2 responses were safely induced. These outcomes suggest ANs may be an efficient pulmonary VADS for defending against pathogens, especially, the ones invading hosts via respiratory system. Graphic Abstract Aluminum nanoparticles can safely induce humoral and cellular immunity at systemic and mucosal level through pulmonary vaccination to contrast the conventional adjuvant alum.
Keywords Nanocarrier · Vaccine delivery · Bioinorganic chemistry · Mucosal vaccination · Cellular immunity
1 Introduction Ning Wang and Chunliu Wei have contributed equally to this work. * Ting Wang [email protected]
Vaccines play a key role in prevention and control of infectious disease transmission and have saved numerous people’s lives since they were developed into industrial products [1, 2]. Therefore, vaccines are argued to be the cornerstone of
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modern public health intervention and regarded as the greatest medical achievement gained by humans [3]. Traditionally, vaccination is performed via subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, both of which prove effective for inducing protective systemic immune responses [4]. However, injection vaccination often shows difficulty in sponsoring the antigen-specific immune responses at mucosa, which is the gate whereby most infectious agents invade hosts [5]. Thus, injection of vaccines can hardly elicit mucosal immunity to form the first line of barrier to pathogen attack. Also, injection involves inconvenience of management, poor compliance, and difficult administration without trained medical professionals [6]. By contrast, mucosal vaccination can be conveniently carried out and demonstrates the ability of triggering systemic as well as mucosal immunity toward pathogens.
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