An Energy-Efficient MAC Design for IEEE 802.15.4-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
This paper presents a new energy-efficient MAC design to improve the performance of IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor networks. Our proposed mechanism adaptively determines the sleeping schedules of sensor nodes based on the network traffic load to achi
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Graduate Institute of Networking and Multimedia Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, ROC {d94944009,r93944018,acpang}@csie.ntu.edu.tw
Abstract. This paper presents a new energy-efficient MAC design to improve the performance of IEEE 802.15.4-based wireless sensor networks. Our proposed mechanism adaptively determines the sleeping schedules of sensor nodes based on the network traffic load to achieve the balance of throughput and energy consumption. This mechanism consists of two phases: schedule exchange phase and schedule generation phase. In the schedule exchange phase, the schedule parameters are piggybacked in normal transmissions. In the schedule generation phase, sensor nodes adaptively determine the sleeping schedule from the schedule parameters. Eventually, the schedules of all sensor nodes converge to one schedule. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism achieves sleeping schedule convergence and high energy efficiency. Keywords: Power Saving, Energy Efficiency, Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE 802.15.4, Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs).
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Introduction
Wireless sensor networking is an emerging technology that has a wide range of potential applications including animal/plant habitation monitoring, target tracking, building monitoring, and robotic exploration. Such networks consist of large numbers of distributed nodes that organize themselves into multi-hop wireless systems. The sensor nodes are usually operated by batteries to simplify network deployment. With many nodes placed in their target environment, recharging batteries becomes more difficult, or even impossible. Therefore, energy efficiency has been a critical issue in wireless sensor networks. The design of medium access control (MAC) plays an important role for energy efficiency of sensor nodes. In the MAC layer, most of the energy wastage comes from idle listening. Since sensor nodes do not figure out when it becomes the receiving side of a message from one of its neighbors, the sensor nodes have to turn on its radio receiver all the time and to keep listening even if the nodes are in the idle mode. The previous work has shown that idle listening consumes additional 50% to 100% of the energy [1]. To minimize the energy consumption caused by idle listening, an intelligent MAC algorithm shall be developed to make its best effort to turn off the radio when sensor nodes are idle. M. Denko et al. (Eds.): EUC Workshops 2007, LNCS 4809, pp. 237–248, 2007. c IFIP International Federation for Information Processing 2007
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Y.-K. Huang, S.-W. Huang, and A.-C. Pang
The recent works such as SMAC [2] [3] and TMAC [4] have adopted a synchronized sleep/wakeup cycle to allow nodes to operate at low duty cycle for power saving. SMAC reduces idle listening by periodically putting nodes into sleep state. TMAC is an improvement of SMAC. In TMAC, if there is no activity in the vicinity of a node for a time TA , the node will go to sleep for reducing idle listening. TM
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