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An Experimental Study on Preventing Thermal Runaway Propagation in Lithium-Ion Battery Module Using Aerogel and Liquid Cooling Plate Together Xiaolong Yang, Yongkang Duan and Zeping Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacture for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082 Hunan, China Yongkang Duan, Xuning Feng , Tianyu Chen*, Chengshan Xu, Xinyu Rui, Minggao Ouyang, Languang Lu, Xuebing Han, Dongsheng Ren, Cheng Li and Shang Gao, State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Xuning Feng , Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Chengshan Xu, College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China Received: 4 October 2019/Accepted: 11 May 2020

Abstract. Preventing thermal runaway propagation is critical to improve the fire safety of electric vehicles. Experiments are conducted on the designed battery modules to study the effects of aerogel, liquid cooling plate, and their combination on the prevention mechanism of thermal runaway propagation. The characteristics of temperature, voltage, mass loss, and venting during the thermal runaway propagation process are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that: (1) adding the insulation material of aerogel can postpone the thermal runaway propagation, but may not completely cut-off the propagation process; (2) there is no obvious delay of thermal runaway propagation by adding the liquid cooling plate only, the propagation speed may be accelerated instead; (3) the thermal runaway propagation can be prevented by using aerogel and liquid cooling plate together. The study reminds us that safety design of battery thermal management system should consider the comprehensive heat transfer pathways in order to effectively prevent thermal runaway propagation. Keywords: Battery safety, Thermal runaway, Battery thermal management, Energy storage, Lithiumion batteries

* Correspondence should be addressed to: Xuning Feng, E-mail: [email protected]

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Fire Technology 2020

1. Introduction Facing the global challenge of energy crisis and environmental pollution, our human beings are paying more attention on the development of new energy vehicles, such as pure electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles [1–7]. Lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in electric vehicles considering their advantages of high power density, high energy density and long cycle life. However, a problem named battery thermal runaway commences with the improvement of energy density of the battery pack. The fire accidents in electric vehicles have also occurred sporadically [3, 5]. Effective suppression of the battery thermal runaway and the thermal runaway propagation among battery pack has become an important issue that requires urgent solutions [7]. A variety of battery thermal management methods have been proposed to avoid over-heating, including the gas cooling, liquid cooling, phase change cooling and heat pipe cooling [2, 8]. Liquid cooling is widely use