An Insight into Biological and Chemical Technologies for Micropollutant Removal from Wastewater
Over the last few decades, the occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in wastewater has emerged as a challenging task for the scientific community. Biological treatment technologies (BTTs) are most widely used for MPs removal, including activated sludge, con
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An Insight into Biological and Chemical Technologies for Micropollutant Removal from Wastewater Anamika Kushwaha, Shivani Goswami, Nidhi Hans, Lalit Goswami, Gitika Devi, Narendra Naik Deshavath, Manoj Kumar Yadav, and Alok Milton Lall
Abstract Over the last few decades, the occurrence of micropollutants (MPs) in wastewater has emerged as a challenging task for the scientific community. Biological treatment technologies (BTTs) are most widely used for MPs removal, including activated sludge, constructed wetland, membrane bioreactor (MBR), aerobic bioreactor, anaerobic bioreactor, microalgae bioreactor, fungal bioreactor, trickling filter, rotating biological reactor, nitrification, and biosorption. Results showed that during biological treatment some of the non-biodegradable MPs are not efficiently A. Kushwaha (*) Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India S. Goswami Department of Science, Upper Primary School Mundera, Unnao, Uttar Pradesh, India N. Hans Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India L. Goswami Center for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India G. Devi Department of Environmental Science, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India N. N. Deshavath Center for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh, India M. K. Yadav School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India A. M. Lall Department of Biochemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 P. K. Gupta, R. N. Bharagava (eds.), Fate and Transport of Subsurface Pollutants, Microorganisms for Sustainability 24, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6564-9_11
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removed. Chemical treatment technologies (CTTs) including Fenton, ozonation, photolysis, photo-Fenton, photocatalysis, and electro-Fenton process have been widely used. However, the complete mineralization of MPs by CTTs is usually expensive. Therefore, a cost and resource-efficient alternative are to direct biological treatment in combination with a chemical treatment to convert the hazardous pollutants into more biodegradable compounds. This chapter provides an insight into the removal of micropollutants from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by biological, chemical, and hybrid technologies. Further studies are needed for optimizing these processes, especially in terms of technical and economic perspectives. Keywords Micropollutants · Wastewater treatment · Hybrid systems · Biological treatment technologies · Chemical treatment technologies
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Introduction
Over the last few decades, the available water sources across the world have been depleted rapid
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