Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoag
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REVIEW
Removal of chromium from wastewater by membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology: a review Hao Peng1 · Jing Guo1 Received: 22 May 2020 / Accepted: 17 July 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Chromium is a potentially toxic and carcinogenic metal originating from natural processes and anthropogenic activities such as the iron steel, electroplating and leather industries. Therefore, chromium should be removed from wastewater to avoid environmental pollution and to recycle chromium in the context of the future circular economy. Here we briefly review aqueous Cr species, their toxicity and methods to remove Cr such as membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption electrocoagulation, electrochemical reduction, electrodialysis, electrodeionization, photocatalysis and nanotechnology. Keywords Chromium · Treatment · Wastewater · Removal · Physicochemical technology · Electrocoagulation · Electrochemical reduction · Electrodialysis · Photocatalysis · Nanotechnology
Introduction Wastewater containing heavy metal ions is a serious environmental problem in the world (Kyzas and Matis 2015; Nogueira et al. 2015; Song et al. 2011). The heavy metal present on the surface of microorganisms and inside the cell can cause significant alterations to the biochemical cycles of living things (Liu et al. 2019; Shakoor et al. 2020). The Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act is categorized heavy metals in order of their toxicity: Pb (2) > Hg (3) > Cd (7) > Cr (17) > Co (52) > Ni (57) > Zn (75) > U (97) > Cur (125) > Mn (140) and the maximum contaminant level values as per Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is defined: Pb (0.015 mg/L), Hg (0.002 mg/L), Cd (0.005 mg/L), Cr (0.1 mg/L), Zn (5 mg/L), Cu (1.3 mg/L), Mn (0.05 mg/L) (Anfar et al. 2019a). Among them, Cr is a toxicity heavy metal ion and qualifying for inclusion in Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (Peng et al. 2019a, * Hao Peng [email protected] 1
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Inorganic Special Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangtze Normal University, Chongqing 408100, China
b). It is also one of the top 20 toxic substances in super fund controlled contaminated sites in the USA. Furthermore, Cr(VI) has several negative environmental impacts, including reducing germination and growth of some plants, increasing mortality and reproduction rates in earthworms, organ damage in crayfish, detrimental effects on survivability, growth and post-exposure reproduction of marine fish larvae and copepods, toxic effects on gill, kidney and liver cells of freshwater fish, and possible diatom demise. Therefore, it is important in order to develop proper treatment technologies for Cr(VI) removal (Adhoum et al. 2004a; Hunsom et al. 2005) (Gallios and Vaclavikova 2008; He et al. 2020;
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