An integrative phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary history and divergence times of Neuropterida (Insecta
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(2020) 20:64
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
An integrative phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary history and divergence times of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola) Alexandros Vasilikopoulos1*† , Bernhard Misof1*†, Karen Meusemann1,2,3, Doria Lieberz1, Tomáš Flouri4, Rolf G. Beutel5, Oliver Niehuis2 , Torsten Wappler6, Jes Rust7, Ralph S. Peters8, Alexander Donath1, Lars Podsiadlowski1, Christoph Mayer1, Daniela Bartel9, Alexander Böhm9, Shanlin Liu10, Paschalia Kapli4, Carola Greve11, James E. Jepson12, Xingyue Liu10, Xin Zhou10, Horst Aspöck13 and Ulrike Aspöck9,14
Abstract Background: The latest advancements in DNA sequencing technologies have facilitated the resolution of the phylogeny of insects, yet parts of the tree of Holometabola remain unresolved. The phylogeny of Neuropterida has been extensively studied, but no strong consensus exists concerning the phylogenetic relationships within the order Neuroptera. Here, we assembled a novel transcriptomic dataset to address previously unresolved issues in the phylogeny of Neuropterida and to infer divergence times within the group. We tested the robustness of our phylogenetic estimates by comparing summary coalescent and concatenation-based phylogenetic approaches and by employing different quartet-based measures of phylogenomic incongruence, combined with data permutations. Results: Our results suggest that the order Raphidioptera is sister to Neuroptera + Megaloptera. Coniopterygidae is inferred as sister to all remaining neuropteran families suggesting that larval cryptonephry could be a ground plan feature of Neuroptera. A clade that includes Nevrorthidae, Osmylidae, and Sisyridae (i.e. Osmyloidea) is inferred as sister to all other Neuroptera except Coniopterygidae, and Dilaridae is placed as sister to all remaining neuropteran families. Ithonidae is inferred as the sister group of monophyletic Myrmeleontiformia. The phylogenetic affinities of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae were dependent on the data type analyzed, and quartet-based analyses showed only weak support for the placement of Hemerobiidae as sister to Ithonidae + Myrmeleontiformia. Our molecular dating analyses suggest that most families of Neuropterida started to diversify in the Jurassic and our ancestral character state reconstructions suggest a primarily terrestrial environment of the larvae of Neuropterida and Neuroptera. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected] † Alexandros Vasilikopoulos and Bernhard Misof contributed equally to this work. 1 Centre for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a lin
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