An Introduction to the Family Flavobacteriaceae
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An Introduction to the Family Flavobacteriaceae JEAN-FRANÇOIS BERNARDET AND YASUYOSHI NAKAGAWA
Introduction An overview of the family Flavobacteriaceae (Reichenbach, 1992, emend. Bernardet et al., 1996, Bernardet et al., 2002) is appropriate because its genera have widely diverse ecological niches and physiological characteristics. Even within some genera, individual species may show contrasting characteristics. Indeed, although some genera were grouped long ago on the basis of common habitats and phenotypic traits (Reichenbach, 1989; The Order Cytophagales in second edition), others were subsequently attributed on the basis of molecular studies. However, the characteristics shared by most genera are presented in this introductory chapter so as to avoid repetition in subsequent chapters on member genera. The term “flavobacteria,” although devoid of nomenclatural status, will be used in this chapter for convenience to represent all members of the family. In previous editions of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and of The Prokaryotes, the organisms now included in the family Flavobacteriaceae were distributed among different and unrelated chapters, i.e., in Bergey’s Manual in the chapters “Genus Flavobacterium” (Holmes et al., 1984a) and “Order I. Cytophagales” (Reichenbach, 1989), and in the second edition of The Prokaryotes in the chapters The Genera Flavobacterium, Sphingobacterium and Weeksella and The Order Cytophagales; (see the sections Phylogeny and Taxonomy in this Chapter). Conversely, these chapters also dealt with other organisms that were subsequently not included in the family (Bernardet et al., 1996). In spite of the considerable taxonomic modifications that occurred since their publication, these chapters (see also Reichenbach and Dworkin, 1981a; Reichenbach and Dworkin, 1981b) contain a huge amount of useful information that is still mostly valid; they deserve to be consulted by those interested in these organisms. The very first suggestion of a family Flavobacteriaceae was in a PhD thesis study (Jooste,
1985). The family was then mentioned by Reichenbach (1989) in the first edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, although not formally described (Holmes, 1997). The family was validated (Reichenbach, 1992), its description published (Bernardet et al., 1996) and subsequently emended following the description of new genera (Bernardet et al., 2002). The family Flavobacteriaceae belongs to the phylum Cytophaga-FlavobacteriumBacteroides (CFB; see the chapter on The Order Cytophagales in second edition), together with several other families and many isolated taxa (Bernardet et al., 2002; see the sections Phylogeny and Taxonomy in this Chapter). With the exception of the family Bacteroidaceae, this phylum falls within the competence of the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Flavobacterium and Cytophaga-like Bacteria of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes website. This subcommittee has issued m
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