An Overview of Virtual Inertia and Its Control
Today, due to the widespread penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and distributed generators (DGs), a new power system stability issue has emerged. This issue is the reduction and variation of inertia in the power system and is triggered by the
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An Overview of Virtual Inertia and Its Control
Abstract Today, due to the widespread penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and distributed generators (DGs), a new power system stability issue has emerged. This issue is the reduction and variation of inertia in the power system and is triggered by the utilization of power electronics interfaces to connect the RESs and DGs into the system, leading to a higher system uncertainty that needs more complex system operation and control. To maintain system reliability and providing efficient use of RESs and DGs, the synthesis and control of virtual inertia should be a key technology to achieve a flexible operation in today and future power systems. This chapter provides an introduction to the fundamental aspects of synthesis and control of virtual inertia for the purpose of the power system controls. An overview of the low inertia issue in the system with a high share of RESs and the role of virtual inertia are highlighted. The concept of virtual inertia emulation is briefly presented. Finally, the past achievements in the synthesis of virtual inertia respect to power system stability and control are briefly reviewed. Keywords Distributed generation · Frequency stability · Low inertia · Renewable energy · Virtual inertia control · Virtual inertia synthesis
1.1 Introduction In recent years, due to increasing concern in the issues related to the long-term adequacy of non-renewable energy sources such as petroleum, coal, and natural gas and the environmental problem caused by the utilization of those resources, including for electricity generation, the penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the power system rapidly increases and becoming a necessity. The increasing concern in the aforementioned issues, followed by the changes in the energy regulation, makes the increasing penetration of RESs-based generation such as photovoltaic and windturbine generation in the power system inevitable. As an example, in Japan, up to 64 GW of photovoltaic is expected to be connected to the grid in 2030 [1]. Meanwhile, in countries such as Denmark, Ireland, and Germany, the annual penetration level of RESs of more than 20% has been achieved at the national level [2]. At a global level, in 2018, 103 GW of photovoltaic (PV) generation units have been installed globally. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 T. Kerdphol et al., Virtual Inertia Synthesis and Control, Power Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57961-6_1
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1 An Overview of Virtual Inertia and Its Control
With these additional installations, the total installed capacity of more than 512 GW has been achieved in 2018 [3]. To enable the appropriate transfer of electrical energy from RESs to the power system, the inverter is normally required to integrate the RESs-based generation units into the power system. However, the inverter (and another power-electronics interface in general) is inertia-less, due to the absence of rotating mass as the source of inertia. Thus, the increasing penetration of inverter
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