Virtual Inertia Synthesis for a Single-Area Power System
The inertia property is one of the most critical aspects to maintain the frequency stability in a single (islanded) power system. Therefore, this chapter explains the dynamic performance and frequency characteristics of a single-area system with the deplo
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Virtual Inertia Synthesis for a Single-Area Power System
Abstract The inertia property is one of the most critical aspects to maintain the frequency stability in a single (islanded) power system. Therefore, this chapter explains the dynamic performance and frequency characteristics of a single-area system with the deployment of virtual inertia control in addition to the primary and secondary control loops. The linearized frequency response model for virtual inertia, primary, and secondary controls is presented by using the state-space representation (i.e., mathematical model of a physical system). Dynamic and static performances of the virtual inertia response model are explained in terms of small-signal (dynamic) and state-space analysis. The effects of various parameters over inertia control-based frequency response are emphasized. A dynamic model of virtual inertia control is verified by a well-tested classical load-frequency control model in the varying operating conditions of the power system. Moreover, some experimental studies with a practical virtual inertia control in the laboratory environment are also demonstrated. Keywords Dynamic performance · Frequency control loops · Frequency deviation · Frequency response · Linearized model · Primary frequency control · Secondary frequency control · State-space model · Time delay · Virtual inertia control · Virtual inertia power
3.1 Fundamental Virtual Inertia Synthesis and Control Recently, the integration of distributed generators (DGs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) into the traditional power system-based synchronous machines is immediately increasing according to the energy crisis, environmental concern, and economic growth. Together with the deployment of a modern (distributed) power system concept called the smart/micro-grids, such systems are suitable for integrating DGs/RESs into the distribution system [1]. Consequently, DGs/RESs develop into the highly-shared structures in modern power systems. Favorably, the consumers do not need to rely on the faraway traditional generation during a fault and they can have better power quality. On the contrary, the high DGs/RESs integration could cause critical frequency stability problems in the system as follows. Firstly, a high © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 T. Kerdphol et al., Virtual Inertia Synthesis and Control, Power Systems, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57961-6_3
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3 Virtual Inertia Synthesis for a Single-Area Power System
DGs/RESs penetration curtails the number of traditional generating units, which directly contribute the initial response and reserve power for primary and secondary frequency control, resulting in larger frequency excursions and degradation of system stability and resiliency. Secondly, the DGs/RESs-based generation naturally has nonexistent or low inertia and damping properties due to the deployment of power electronics interfaces (i.e., inverters/converters). This power-electronics interface has no rotating mass, which is the prominent ability in providing inertia
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