An update on the performance of reactive energy meters under non-sinusoidal conditions
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ORIGINAL PAPER
An update on the performance of reactive energy meters under non-sinusoidal conditions Guilherme L. Xavier2 · Gabriel Miyasaka1 · Eduardo T. Silvério1 · Hélio Rubens J. da Silva1 · Lara L. Braz1 · Raphael F. B. de Oliveira1 · Rodrigo N. C. Lima1 · José Rubens Macedo Jr1 Received: 14 November 2019 / Accepted: 27 February 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The different reactive power and energy metering methods used by electric energy meters on medium and high voltage consumers present different results between themselves, notably in the presence of distorted voltage and current signals. Over recent decades, many discussions and various propositions have been put into action, all of which aimed at a worldwide unification of power and reactive energy metering methods. However, the problem still persists and the objective of this study therefore lies in performing of a quantitative update, concerning the impacts of these different methods on the reactive energy metering for billing purposes. In this context, each of the methods frequently used by the electric energy meter manufacturers will be covered in an analytical manner, seeking the mathematical understanding of the divergences that exist between them. In concurrent fashion, calibration tests will be performed in the laboratory aimed at the correct quantification of measurement deviations found under specific distortion conditions in voltage and current waveforms, when comparing meters from different manufacturers and models. A new electric energy meter, that contemplates all known metering methods, was developed with the aim of performing a measurement campaign allowing for the comparison of the performance of each one of these methods under real load conditions, considering many different types of consumer. The obtained results, in addition to providing a quantitative update of the magnitude of existing deviations, also demonstrate a great concern regarding the lack of isonomy currently found around the world in the metering of reactive power and energy. Keywords Harmonic distortion · Reactive energy and power · Measurement methods · Energy meters
1 Introduction The billing of electric power and energy for medium and voltage consumers is based not only on active power and energy, but also on reactive power and energy [1]. In this The authors thank the Energisa Group for the financial support as part of the Program for Research and Technological Development of the Electricity Energy Sector established by the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL). Additionally this study was financed in part by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq).
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José Rubens Macedo Jr [email protected]
1
Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG 38408-100, Brazil
2
Federal University of Viçosa, Rio Paranaíba, MG 38810-000, Brazil
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