Analysis of Emergency Demand Response Levels of Central Air-Conditioning
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Analysis of Emergency Demand Response Levels of Central Air‑Conditioning Xianjun Qi1 · Zongshuo Ji1 · Hongbin Wu1 · Jingjing Zhang1 · Hejun Yang1 Received: 20 March 2020 / Revised: 7 August 2020 / Accepted: 18 August 2020 © The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2020
Abstract Central air-conditioning (CAC) is a flexible load which can be dispatched during an emergency demand response (EDR) program. However, consumers’ trade-off between thermal comfort levels (TCLs) and profits will affect the potential of CAC. Therefore, this paper proposes a method to evaluate CAC’S response levels. An EDR optimization model simulating consumers’ trade-off between TCLs and profits is established and it is solved by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Then the definition of EDR levels is presented to quantitatively analyze the capability of CAC providing the EDR. Furthermore, uncertainty of EDR levels caused by stochastic initial indoor temperature is analyzed through a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. A case study shows the rationality of the presented method, and the effects of weight coefficients, compensation prices and penalty prices on EDR levels are also analyzed. Keywords Central air-conditioning · Emergency demand response · Thermal comfort · Demand response level · Uncertainty analysis
1 Introduction In recent years, with the rapid development of social economy and the continuous improvement of people’s living standards, electricity demand presents a trend of sustainable and rapid growth, which brings tremendous pressure to maintain power balance and system frequency within prescribed limits [1]. In large and medium-sized cities in China, air-conditioning loads account for a large proportion as high as 30–50%, especially in the period of summer electricity peak loads [2]. The centralized use of air-conditioning * Xianjun Qi [email protected] Zongshuo Ji [email protected] Hongbin Wu [email protected] Jingjing Zhang [email protected] Hejun Yang [email protected] 1
Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Renewable Energy Utilization and Energy Saving, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
has become one of the main reasons for the great difference between the peak and valley load [3], which reduces the utilization of power generation, transmission and distribution equipment, resulting in waste of resources. Due to the thermal storage capacity of air-conditioning [4], the air-conditioning load is gradually applied to demand response (DR) programs. Electrical energy can be converted into thermal energy to store for a short period by turning on air-conditioning in advance; and demand-side management can be used to adjust the air-conditioning load to reduce load demand in the peak period without affecting consumers’ comfort [5]. Therefore, air-conditioning loads have significant DR potential [6, 7]. As a special kind of air-conditioning load, central air-conditioning (CAC) of buildings has similar structure, fast response speed, and simple response strategy [8], so it has gradually become the m
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